Exome-wide Sequencing Shows Low Mutation Rates and Identifies Novel Mutated Genes in Seminomas.

BACKGROUND: Testicular germ cell tumors are the most common cancer diagnosed in young men, and seminomas are the most common type of these cancers. There have been no exome-wide examinations of genes mutated in seminomas or of overall rates of nonsilent somatic mutations in these tumors. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to analyze somatic mutations in seminomas to determine which genes are affected and to determine rates of nonsilent mutations. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Eight seminomas and matched normal samples were surgically obtained from eight patients. INTERVENTION: DNA was extracted from tissue samples and exome sequenced on massively parallel Illumina DNA sequencers. Single-nucleotide polymorphism chip-based copy number analysis was also performed to assess copy number alterations. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The DNA sequencing read data were analyzed to detect somatic mutations including single-nucleotide substitutions and short insertions and deletions. The detected mutations were validated by independent sequencing and further checked for subclonality. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: The rate of nonsynonymous somatic mutations averaged 0.31 mutations/Mb. We detected nonsilent somatic mutations in 96 genes that were not previously known to be mutated in seminomas, of which some may be driver mutations. Many of the mutations appear to have been present in subclonal populations. In addition, two genes, KIT and KRAS, were affected in two tumors each with mutations that were previously observed in other cancers and are presumably oncogenic. CONCLUSIONS: Our study, the first report on exome sequencing of seminomas, detected somatic mutations in 96 new genes, several of which may be targetable drivers. Furthermore, our results show that seminoma mutation rates are five times higher than previously thought, but are nevertheless low compared to other common cancers. Similar low rates are seen in other cancers that also have excellent rates of remission achieved with chemotherapy. PATIENT SUMMARY: We examined the DNA sequences of seminomas, the most common type of testicular germ cell cancer. Our study identified 96 new genes in which mutations occurred during seminoma development, some of which might contribute to cancer development or progression. The study also showed that the rates of DNA mutations during seminoma development are higher than previously thought, but still lower than for other common solid-organ cancers. Such low rates are also observed among other cancers that, like seminomas, show excellent rates of disease remission after chemotherapy.

Downregulation of Aurora-A overrides estrogen-mediated growth and chemoresistance in breast cancer cells.

Estrogen is known to play a causative role in the development of sporadic breast cancers and chemoresistance. However, studies on the mechanism and proteins involved in mediating the oncogenic effects of estrogen are very limited. Recently, Aurora-A, a centrosomal protein kinase, which induces centrosome amplification and genomic instability, has been shown to be upregulated during long-term treatment of rats with estrogen and was implicated in estrogen-induced oncogenesis. Herein, we present results of the studies carried out in short-term in vitro cultures to understand the regulation of Aurora-A by estrogen and the effect of downregulation of Aurora-A on estrogen-induced breast tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. Treatment of breast cancer cells with 10 nM 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) resulted in the upregulation of Aurora-A levels in an estrogen receptor-dependent manner. However, the upregulation by E(2) was not restricted to Aurora-A alone. Following release from the tamoxifen-induced arrest, the appearance of Aurora-A in the presence of estradiol in MCF7 cells coincided with the appearance of other mitotic markers suggesting that the spike in Aurora-A levels is an indirect consequence of estrogen-mediated cell proliferation. Thus, at least in short-term in vitro studies, Aurora-A is not a specific direct target of estrogen. However, downregulation of Aurora-A by RNA interference led to a significant decrease in estrogen-induced, anchorage-dependent, and independent growth of MCF7 cells. Moreover, knockdown of Aurora-A could overcome estrogen-induced decrease in docetaxel sensitivity of MCF7 cells. Cumulatively, we propose that the upregulation of Aurora-A by estrogen in short-term in vitro cultures is an indirect consequence of estrogen-induced cell proliferation. Nevertheless, Aurora-A inhibitors could be exploited to override the effects of estrogen on breast tumorigenesis and chemoresistance.