Inhibition of the RPS6KA1/FoxO1 signaling axis by hydroxycitric acid attenuates HFD-induced obesity through MCE suppression.

BACKGROUND: Because obesity is associated with a hyperplasia-mediated increase in adipose tissue, inhibiting cell proliferation during mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) is a leading strategy for preventing obesity. Although (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is used to control obesity, the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects on MCE are poorly understood. PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of HCA on MCE and underlying molecular mechanisms affecting adipogenesis and obesity improvements. METHODS: Preadipocyte cell line, 3T3-L1, were treated with HCA; oil red O, cell proliferation, cell cycle, and related alterations in signaling pathways were examined. High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice were administered HCA for 12 weeks; body and adipose tissues weights were evaluated, and the regulation of signaling pathways in epidydimal white adipose tissue were examined in vivo. RESULTS: Here, we report that during MCE, HCA attenuates the proliferation of the preadipocyte cell line, 3T3-L1, by arresting the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. In addition, HCA markedly inhibits Forkhead Box O1 (FoxO1) phosphorylation, thereby inducing the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B and suppressing the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 2, cyclin E1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and phosphorylated retinoblastoma. Importantly, we found that ribosomal protein S6 kinase A1 (RPS6KA1) influences HCA-mediated inactivation of FoxO1 and its nuclear exclusion. An animal model of obesity revealed that HCA reduced high-fat diet-induced obesity by suppressing adipocyte numbers as well as epididymal and mesenteric white adipose tissue mass, which is attributed to the regulation of RPS6KA1, FoxO1, CDKN1B and PCNA that had been consistently identified in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide novel insights into the mechanism by which HCA regulates adipogenesis and highlight the RPS6KA1/FoxO1 signaling axis as a therapeutic target for obesity.

The anti-obesity effect of mulberry leaf (Mori Folium) extracts was increased by bioconversion with Pectinex.

Mulberry leaf (Mori Folium) extract (MLE) is known to have anti-obesity effects. In this study, the enhanced effects of MLE after bioconversion treatment using Pectinex (BMLE) on obesity were explored, and the underlying mechanisms were investigated using the active components, neochlorogenic acid (5-CQA) and cryptochlorogenic acid (4-CQA), whose amounts were increased by bioconversion of MLE. Both MLE and BMLE inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes without cytotoxicity and suppressed the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα). In addition, MLE and BMLE decreased high-fat diet-induced adipose tissue mass expansion. Notably, BMLE significantly increased antiadipogenic and anti-obesity effects compared to MLE in vitro and in vivo. The active ingredients increased by bioconversion, 5-CQA and 4-CQA, inhibited the protein levels of C/EBPα and the mRNA levels of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (Scd1). These findings provide new insights into the therapeutic possibility of using bioconversion of MLE, by which upregulation of 5-CQA and 4-CQA potently inhibits adipogenesis.

A brief history of the Italian-Korean symposium on relativistic astrophysics.

The series of Italian-Korean Symposia on Relativistic Astrophysics began in 1987, well before the Astrophysics Division of the Korean Physical Society was established in 1995. The symposiums brought together young researchers and scientists of both nations and formed the foundation that would lead to the establishment of the astrophysics division. In this essay, I want to describe a brief history for the series. The series has been ongoing for more than 30 years, thanks to much effort put in by many motivated scientists. The most recent event was in 2019 at Pescara, Italy.

Catalytic ozonation of toluene using Mn-M bimetallic HZSM-5 (M: Fe, Cu, Ru, Ag) catalysts at room temperature.

We investigated the catalytic efficiency of Mn-based bimetallic oxides in degrading toluene and ozone at room temperature. The room temperature-active bimetallic oxide catalysts were prepared by the addition of Fe, Cu, Ru, and Ag precursors to Mn/HZSM-5. We obtained H2-temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) profiles, X-ray diffraction patterns, and X-ray photoelectron spectra to investigate the characteristics of the prepared catalysts. The catalytic efficiency of Mn-based bimetallic oxide catalysts in degrading toluene and ozone at room temperature was mostly improved by the addition of the secondary metals. The prepared bimetallic oxide catalysts, Cu-Mn/HZSM-5, Fe-Mn/HZSM-5, Ru-Mn/HZSM-5, and Ag-Mn/HZSM-5, enhanced efficiency for toluene removal compared to Mn/HZSM-5. The H2-TPR profiles of the Mn-based bimetallic oxide catalysts showed stronger and broader adsorption-desorption bands at lower temperatures than the profile of Mn/HZSM-5. Additionally, the ratio of the surface defective oxygen over the lattice oxygen on the bimetallic oxide catalysts was higher than that of Mn-only catalysts; the ratio of Mn3+ over Mn4+ was higher for all bimetallic oxide catalysts, as well. Among the bimetallic oxide catalysts, Ru-Mn/HZSM-5 showed the highest efficiency for the removal of toluene to COx due to the synergetic effect of the oxidation state and reducible potential at room temperature.

Direct conversion of NO and SO2 in flue gas into fertilizer using ammonia and ozone.

This study focused on the simultaneous removal of NO and SO2 from an industrial flue gas stream. To evaluate the removal efficiency of NO and SO2 using O3 and NH3, the consumption of two reactants (O3 and NH3) in line with the conversion of NO and SO2 was quantified experimentally. In addition, NO and SO2 were converted to valuable fertilizers, NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4. To identify a principle strategy to enhance the generation of fertilizer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to examine the reaction mechanisms for the formation of NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4. Acceleration of SO2 oxidation could be achieved effectively by adding NO to a gas mixture of SO2, NH3, and O3. The formation of HNO3 might be enhanced by the simultaneous feeding of NO and SO2. Particle generation was also 10 times higher for NH3/(NO + SO2) than for NH3/NO and for NH3/SO2, which is a prominent feature of this study. Moreover, the introduction of steam had a positive influence on particle generation. This method offers dual applications for NO and SO2 removal from a flue gas stream and direct fertilizer generation.

Emulsification characteristics of ether extracted pyrolysis-oil in diesel using various combinations of emulsifiers (Span 80, Atlox 4916 and Zephrym PD3315) in double reactor system.

Emulsification is a cost effective and simple method to use pyrolysis oil (or bio-oil) along with diesel as an emulsified fuel. Several combinations of emulsifiers, such as Span 80 and Atlox 4916, Span 80 and Zephrym PD3315, and Atlox 4916 and Zephrym PD3315, were tested to obtain stable emulsions. Two set of reactors (ultrasonicator and agitator-based mechanical reactor system) were used for the process. The ether-extracted pyrolysis oil (EEO), emulsifier, and diesel content of 10%-15%, 3%, and 82-87% were exposed to an ultrasonic power of 40% and with an agitation rate of 900 rpm. The emulsions obtained using Span 80 and Zephrym PD3315 showed stratification within 10 min. The emulsions for Span 80 and Atlox 4916 with a ratio of 3/15/82 for Emulsifer/EEO/Diesel, and for Atlox 4916 and Zephrym PD3315 emulsifiers with a ratio of 3/10/87 for Emulsifer/EEO/Diesel remained stable for more than 15 days. The functional groups analysis showed the stability of the emulsion for Span 80 and Atlox 4916, whereas a change in the absorbance intensity was observed when Atlox 4916 and Zephrym PD3315 were used, indicating stratification.

Enhanced bioaromatics synthesis via catalytic co-pyrolysis of cellulose and spent coffee ground over microporous HZSM-5 and HY.

Catalytic co-pyrolysis (CCP) of spent coffee ground (SCG) and cellulose over HZSM-5 and HY was characterized thermogravimetrically, and a catalytic pyrolysis of two samples was conducted using a tandem micro reactor that directly connected with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. To access the more fundamental investigations on CCP, the effects of the zeolite pore structure, reaction temperature, in-situ/ex-situ reaction mode, catalyst to feedstock ratio, and the SCG and cellulose mixing ratio were experimentally evaluated. The temperature showing the highest thermal degradation rate of cellulose with SCG slightly delayed due to the interactions during the thermolysis of two samples. HZSM-5 in reference to HY produced more aromatic hydrocarbons from CCP. With respect to the reaction temperature, the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons increased with the pyrolytic temperature. Moreover, the in-situ/ex-situ reaction mode, catalyst/feedstock, and cellulose/SCG ratio were optimized to improve the aromatic hydrocarbon yield.

Production of bio-oil with reduced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via continuous pyrolysis of biobutanol process derived waste lignin.

The fast pyrolysis of waste lignin derived from biobutanol production process was performed to determine the optimal pyrolysis conditions and pyrolysis product properties. Four types of pyrolysis reactors, e.g.: micro-scale pyrolyzer-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, lab and bench scale fixed bed (FB) reactors, and bench scale rotary kiln (RK) reactor, were employed to compare the pyrolysis reaction conditions and product properties obtained from different reactors. The yields of char, oil, and gas obtained from lab scale and bench scale reactor were almost similar compared to FB reactor. RK reactor produced desirable bio-oil with much reduced yield of poly aromatic hydrocarbons (cancer precursor) due to its higher cracking reaction efficiency. In addition, char agglomeration and foaming of lignin pyrolysis were greatly restricted by using RK reactor compared to the FB reactor.

Production of an upgraded lignin-derived bio-oil using the clay catalysts of bentonite and olivine and the spent FCC in a bench-scale fixed bed pyrolyzer.

Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant renewable energy source that can be converted into various liquid fuels via thermochemical processes such as pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is a thermal decomposition method, in which solid biomass are thermally depolymerized to liquid fuel called bio-oil or pyrolysis oil. However, the low quality of pyrolysis oil caused by its high oxygen content necessitates further catalytic upgrading to increase the content of oxygen-free compounds, such as aromatic hydrocarbons. Among the three different types of lignocellulosic biomass components (hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose), lignin is the most difficult fraction to be pyrolyzed because of its highly recalcitrant structure for depolymerization, forming a char as a main product. The catalytic conversion of lignin-derived pyrolyzates is also more difficult than that of furans and levoglucosan which are the main pyrolysis products of hemicellulose and cellulose. Hence, the main purpose of this study was to develop a bench-scale catalytic pyrolysis process using a tandem catalyst (both in-situ and ex-situ catalysis mode) for an efficient pyrolysis and subsequent upgrading of lignin components. While HZSM-5 was employed as an ex-situ catalyst for its excellent aromatization efficiency, the potential of the low-cost additives of bentonite, olivine, and spent FCC as in-situ catalysts in the Kraft lignin pyrolysis at 500 °C was investigated. The effects of these in-situ catalysts on the product selectivity were studied; bentonite resulted in higher selectivity to aromatic hydrocarbons compared to olivine and spent FCC. The reusability of HZSM-5 (with and without regeneration) was examined in the pyrolysis of lignin mixed with the in-situ catalysts of bentonite, olivine, and spent FCC. In the case of using bentonite and spent FCC as in-situ catalysts, there were no obvious changes in the activity of HZSM-5 after regeneration, whereas using olivine as in-situ catalyst resulted in a remarkable decrease in the activity of HZSM-5 after regeneration.

Overview of the recent advances in lignocellulose liquefaction for producing biofuels, bio-based materials and chemicals.

The concerns over the increasing energy demand and cost as well as environmental problems derived from fossil fuel use are the main driving forces of research into renewable energy. Lignocellulosic biomass comprised of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin is an abundant, carbon neutral, and alternative resource for replacing fossil fuels in the future. Solvent liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass is a promising route to obtain biofuels, bio-based materials, and chemicals using a range of solvents as reaction media under moderate reaction conditions. Recently, several researchers have considered novel approaches for enhancing the process efficiency and economics. This review article reports the state-of-the-art knowledge of lignocellulose liquefaction in the recent three years with the main focus on the feedstock, liquefaction technology, target products, and degradation mechanism of each biomass component. This review is expected to provide an important reference for research into the solvent liquefaction of lignocellulose in the near future.

Characterization of solvent-fractionated lignins from woody biomass treated via supercritical water oxidation.

Crude supercritical lignin (SCL) extracted from hardwood (Quercus mongolica) treated via supercritical water (SCW) oxidation was subjected to sequential fractionation with four organic solvents; five lignin fractions (F1-F4 and FIN) were thus obtained. The molecular weight (MW) of the fractionated lignins gradually increased as fractionation proceeded. However, the content of methoxyl groups and phenolic hydroxyl groups tended to decrease with increasing molecular weight of the lignins. The functional groups of SCL and the fractionated lignins were very similar based on Fourier-transform infrared analysis. The syringyl/guaiacyl ratio (S/G ratio) of the fractionated lignins increased with an increase in the MW. The thermal stability decreased with decreasing MW of the fractionated lignins, and all fractions except for F1 had a maximum degradation temperature of around 360 °C. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the fractions increased from 83 °C to 137 °C with increasing MW.

Catalytic Conversion of Pinus densiflora Over Mesoporous Catalysts Using Pyrolysis Process.

Catalytic pyrolysis experiments were conducted to investigate the possibility of obtaining valuable chemicals from Pinus densiflora, a native Korean tree species occupying 21.4% of the total area under forests in South Korea. Two representative mesoporous catalysts, Al-MCM-41 and Al-MSU-F, as well as hierarchical mesoporous MFI (Meso-MFI) that has both mesopores and micropores, were used as catalysts. Compared to non-catalytic pyrolysis, catalytic pyrolysis was shown to reduce the fractions of levoglucosan, phenolics, and acids in bio-oil, while increasing the fractions of aromatics, PAHs, and furans. Meso-MFI with strong acid sites showed a high selectivity toward aromatics and PAHs, whereas Al-MCM-41 and Al-MSU-F with weak acid sites exhibited a high selectivity toward furanic compounds. The results of this study indicate that choosing a catalyst with an adequate quantity of acidic sites with the required strength is critical for enhancing the production of desired chemicals from Pinus densiflora.

Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Assessment of Internal Mammary Lymph Node Status in Breast Cancer.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of malignant internal mammary lymph nodes (IMLNs) and benign IMLNs in breast cancer patients. METHODS: From 2009 to 2014, the records of 85 patients with IMLNs were archived using MRI report data; 26 patients with small size (long axis diameter <5 mm) nodes were subsequently excluded. The current study evaluated internal mammary lymph nodes in 59 patients who underwent breast MRI for breast cancer staging and for posttherapy follow-up. All MRI findings were retrospectively evaluated. Malignancy was determined based on pathologic examination and positron emission tomography computed tomography findings. Independent t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, chi-square tests, and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis were used. RESULTS: Among MRI features, there were statistically significant differences between benign and malignant IMLN groups, in short axis length (3.6±1.3 vs. 8.2±2.9 mm, respectively), long axis length (8.1±2.4 vs. 14.5±4.8 mm, respectively), short/long axis ratio (0.45±0.10 vs. 0.59±0.17, respectively), absent fatty hilum (mean, 0% vs. 95%, respectively), and restricted diffusion (15.8% vs. 85.0%, respectively) (p<0.050). Multiplicity and location of intercostal spaces was not different between the two groups. Short axis length was the most discriminative variable for predicting metastatic nodes (area under the ROC curve, 0.951; threshold, 4 mm; sensitivity, 92.5%; specificity, 84.2%). CONCLUSION: Conventional MRI and diffusion-weighted MRI are helpful to detect metastasis of internal mammary lymph nodes in breast cancer.

Removal of Cu(2+) by biochars derived from green macroalgae.

The by-product char of the fast pyrolysis of a green macroalga Enteromorpha compressa was used to remove copper from an aqueous solution. The surface area and the amount of cation exchange capacity (CEC) were increased by steam activation, resulting in enhanced adsorption capacity. Although chemical activation using a KOH solution increased the pore volume and surface area dramatically, it decreased the adsorption capacity because of activating in the KOH solution and washing decreased CEC. Ion exchange between the Cu ions and cations (Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), and Mg(2+)) as well as adsorption onto the functional groups on the char surface appeared to be important mechanisms for the removal of Cu. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model could interpret the kinetics and equilibrium of the Cu adsorption on the E. compressa char. The maximum amount of Cu adsorption on the char was 137 mg g(-1).

Identification of active transcriptional regulatory elements from GRO-seq data.

Modifications to the global run-on and sequencing (GRO-seq) protocol that enrich for 5'-capped RNAs can be used to reveal active transcriptional regulatory elements (TREs) with high accuracy. Here, we introduce discriminative regulatory-element detection from GRO-seq (dREG), a sensitive machine learning method that uses support vector regression to identify active TREs from GRO-seq data without requiring cap-based enrichment (https://github.com/Danko-Lab/dREG/). This approach allows TREs to be assayed together with gene expression levels and other transcriptional features in a single experiment. Predicted TREs are more enriched for several marks of transcriptional activation­including expression quantitative trait loci, disease-associated polymorphisms, acetylated histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27ac) and transcription factor binding­than those identified by alternative functional assays. Using dREG, we surveyed TREs in eight human cell types and provide new insights into global patterns of TRE function.

Pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of Laminaria japonica and polypropylene over mesoporous Al-SBA-15 catalyst.

The catalytic co-pyrolysis of a seaweed biomass, Laminaria japonica, and a typical polymer material, polypropylene, was studied for the first time. A mesoporous material Al-SBA-15 was used as a catalyst. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted using a fixed-bed reactor and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). BET surface area, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, and NH3 temperature programmed desorption were measured to examine the catalyst characteristics. When only L. japonica was pyrolyzed, catalytic reforming slightly increased the gas yield and decreased the oil yield. The H2O content in bio-oil was increased by catalytic reforming from 42.03 to 50.32 wt% due to the dehydration reaction occurring on the acid sites inside the large pores of Al-SBA-15. Acids, oxygenates, mono-aromatics, poly aromatic hydrocarbons, and phenolics were the main components of the bio-oil obtained from the pyrolysis of L. japonica. Upon catalytic reforming over Al-SBA-15, the main oxygenate species 1,4-anhydro-d-galactitol and 1,5-anhydro-d-manitol were completely removed. When L. japonica was co-pyrolyzed with polypropylene, the H2O content in bio-oil was decreased dramatically (8.93 wt% in the case of catalytic co-pyrolysis), contributing to the improvement of the oil quality. A huge increase in the content of gasoline-range and diesel-range hydrocarbons in bio-oil was the most remarkable change that resulted from the co-pyrolysis with polypropylene, suggesting its potential as a transport fuel. The content of mono-aromatics with high economic value was also increased significantly by catalytic co-pyrolysis.

Application of mesoporous Al-MCM-48 material to the conversion of lignin.

Al-MCM-48 was applied to the catalytic pyrolysis of lignin for the first time. The pyrolysis reaction and in-situ product were analyzed by pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The main products of the non-catalytic pyrolysis of lignin were phenols. The use of Al-MCM-48 increased the production of light phenols considerably. The yields of high-value-added compounds, such as hydrocarbons and aromatics, were also increased by catalytic upgrading. Al-MCM-48 is believed to promote cracking, aromatization and deoxygenation, such as decarbonylation. On the other hand, Si-MCM-48, which has no acid sites, showed lower deoxygenation efficiency than Al-MCM-48. Al-MCM-48 could be regenerated by calcining in air.

Conversion of kraft lignin over hierarchical MFI zeolite.

Catalytic pyrolysis of kraft lignin was carried out using pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Hierarchical mesoporous MFI was used as the catalyst and another mesoporous material Al-SBA-15 was also used for comparison. The characteristics of mesoporous MFI were analyzed by X-ray diffraction patterns, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, and temperature programmed desorption of NH3. Two catalyst/lignin mass ratios were tested: 5/1 and 10/1. Aromatics and alkyl phenolics were the main products of the catalytic pyrolysis of lignin over mesoporous MFI. In particular, the yields of mono-aromatics such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were increased substantially by catalytic upgrading. Increase in the catalyst dose enhanced the production of aromatics further, which is attributed to decarboxylation, decarbonlyation, and aromatization reactions occurring over the acid sites of mesoporous MFI.

Catalytic co-pyrolysis of waste particle board and polyproplylene over nanoporous Al-MCM-41 catalysts.

Catalytic co-pyrolysis of particle board, a waste wood biomass, and polypropylene (PP), a petroleum-based plastic, was carried out with a mixing ratio of 1:1 over a representative mesoporous material, Al-MCM-41 catalyst. The Si/Al ratios of the Al-MCM-41 catalysts were controlled at 20 and 80 to investigate the effect of the acidity of the catalyst. The characterization of the catalyst was performed by X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption, and NH3 temperature-programmed desorption. The catalytic pyrolysis of the particle board showed a higher yield of gas and lower yield of oil than the non-catalytic pyrolysis. In oil, the concentration of levoglucosan decreased, and those of furans, furanones, cyclopentanones, aromatics, and light phenolics increased. In the case of the co-pyrolysis of the particle board and PP, C10-C17 products corresponding to the diesel range greatly increased and resulted in an improvement of the bio-oil quality. This suggests that PP is decomposed on the acidic sites of the Al-MCM-41 catalyst, resulting in an increased production of hydrocarbons in the range of diesel.

Effect of Pt particle size on the hydroisomerization of n-dodecane over Pt/Ai-SBA-15 catalysts.

The hydroisomerization of n-dodecane was carried out over platinum-impregnated Al-SBA-15 as a bifunctional catalyst. A range of Pt/Al-SBA-15 catalysts with a Pt particle size of 1.7, 2.9 and 7.1 were prepared to examine the effect of the Pt particle size on the activity and selectivity for the hydroisomerization of n-dodecane. The catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption, pyridine Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and NH3 temperature programmed desorption. The hydroisomerization of n-dodecane was performed in a batch-type reactor at 350 degrees C and 20 bar. The Pt(2.9)/Al-SBA-15 catalyst showed the highest selectivity to iso-dodecane due to its largest number of medium strength Brønsted acid sites and the optimum ratio of metallic/acid sites.