One-year mortality and readmission risks following hospitalization for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease based on the types of acute respiratory failure: An observational study.

Few studies have examined the risk factors associated with the type of acute respiratory failure (ARF) in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study evaluated the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of COPD based on the type of ARF. The medical charts of hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of COPD between 2016 and 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. We classified ARF into 2 types: type 1 ARF with PaO2 < 60 mm Hg in room air or a ratio of arterial partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen < 300, and type 2 ARF with PaCO2 > 45 mm Hg and arterial pH < 7.35. A total of 435 patients were enrolled in study, including 170 participants without ARF, 165 with type 1 ARF, and 100 with type 2 ARF. Compared with the non-ARF group, the frequency of high-flow nasal cannula, noninvasive ventilation, intensive care unit admissions, and in-hospital deaths was higher in the ARF group compared with the non-ARF group. The ARF group had higher 1-year mortality group (hazard ratio [HR], 2.809; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.099-7.180; P = .031) and readmission within 1-year rates (HR, 1.561; 95% CI, 1.061-2.295; P = .024) than the non-ARF group. The type 1 ARF group had a higher risk of 1-year mortality (HR, 3.022; 95% CI, 1.041-8.774; P = .042) and hospital readmission within 1-year (HR, 2.053; 95% CI, 1.230-3.428; P = .006) compared with the non-ARF group. There was no difference in mortality and readmission rates between the type 1 and type 2 ARF groups. In conclusion, patients with type 1 ARF rather than type 2 ARF had higher mortality and readmission rates than those without ARF. The prognoses of patients with type 1 and type 2 ARF were similar.

Major adverse cardiovascular events and hyperuricemia during tuberculosis treatment.

BACKGROUND: Hyperuricemia is common during tuberculosis (TB) treatment, especially in association with pyrazinamide (PZA). This study investigated the relationship between major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and hyperuricemia during TB treatment. METHODS: We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study. From January 2010 through June 2017, we assessed all consecutive TB patients at Chonnam National University Hospital in South Korea. Hyperuricemia was defined as serum uric acid levels exceeding 7.0 mg/dL (men) and 6.0 mg/dL (women). RESULTS: Of the 1,143 patients included, PZA was administered to 1,081 (94.6%), and hyperuricemia was detected in 941 (82.3%). Eight patients experienced MACEs. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression indicated that prior ischemic heart disease was associated with MACE development (OR,14.087; 95% CI,3.304-60.061; P < 0.000), while hyperuricemia was not (OR, 1.505; 95% CI, 0.184-12.299; P = 0.703). For patients without drug-resistant TB, the absence of hyperuricemia was associated with higher mortality (OR, 2.609; 95% CI, 1.066-6.389; P = 0.036), whereas hyperuricemia was associated with less worse outcomes (OR,0.316; 95% CI,0.173-0.576; P < 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Although most patients treated with PZA developed hyperuricemia, it was not associated with MACE development. Hyperuricemia during TB treatment was associated with better outcomes, possibly due to consistent adherence to TB treatment.

Serum KL-6 levels predict the occurrence and severity of treatment-related interstitial lung disease in lung cancer.

In this study, we aimed to investigate the feasibility of serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) as a potential biomarker for treatment-related ILD (TR-ILD) in lung cancer. We recruited patients with lung cancer in whom KL-6 was measured to differentiate between pneumonia and ILD (category 1), diagnose and assess the severity of suspicious ILD (category 2), or evaluate baseline levels before cancer treatment (category 3). Among 1,297 patients who underwent KL-6 testing, 422 had lung cancer, and TR-ILD was detected in 195 patients. In categories 1-2, median KL-6 level was higher in drug-induced ILD or acute exacerbation of underlying ILD than in no ILD or radiation-induced pneumonitis, and it was correlated with the severity of TR-ILD. High KL-6 level (cut-off: > 436U/mL) was an independent risk factor for severe TR-ILD, and low KL-6 level with high procalcitonin level (> 0.5 ng/mL) could exclude severe TR-ILD. Patients with severe TR-ILD had worse overall survival than those without, whereas high baseline KL-6 level was associated with worse survival, especially in patients without severe TR-ILD. Therefore, serum KL-6 may be a surrogate marker for predicting the occurrence and assessing the severity of TR-ILD at the time of suspected ILD and before lung cancer treatment.

Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease in a patient with unilateral pulmonary artery agenesis: Case report.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous organisms, but can cause a chronic pulmonary infection in some patients. Therefore, there could be host factors susceptible to this disease. A structural lung disease including damages of lungs caused by previous respiratory infection has been suggested as a host factor. Here we presented a case of NTM pulmonary disease which developed in a structural lung disease caused by a rare congenital lung disease. A 46-year-old male, was transferred to our hospital with an unexpandable lung after a closed thoracostomy due to spontaneous pneumothorax. His chest computed tomography showed an absence of left pulmonary artery at the time of admission. Mycobacterial culture in sputum, bronchial washing fluid, and pleural fluid showed the growth of NTM. Mycobacterium intracellulare was isolated from all positive cultures in the specimens. Combinations of drugs for M. intracellulare pulmonary disease including azithromycin, rifampin, and ethambutol were administered for 16 months. Amikacin intra venous treatment used for 6 months after treatment initiation. Culture conversion was achieved at 4 months of treatment. There was no evidence of recurrence of NTM pulmonary disease for 6 months after treatment. In conclusion, patients who have structural lung disease need to be careful monitoring about development of NTM pulmonary disease.

Risk factors and clinical outcomes associated with acquired hypofibrinogenemia in patients administered hemocoagulase batroxobin for hemoptysis.

Background: Hemocoagulase batroxobin is used to prevent hemostasis or bleeding in surgical and trauma patients; however, the role of batroxobin in patients with hemoptysis is not well understood. We evaluated the risk factors and prognosis of acquired hypofibrinogenemia in hemoptysis patients treated systemically with batroxobin. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of hospitalized patients who were administered batroxobin for hemoptysis. Acquired hypofibrinogenemia was defined as a plasma fibrinogen level >150 mg/dL at baseline, decreasing to <150 mg/dL after batroxobin administration. Results: Overall, 183 patients were enrolled, of whom 75 had acquired hypofibrinogenemia after the administration of batroxobin. There was no statistical difference in the median age of the patients in the non-hypofibrinogenemia and hypofibrinogenemia groups (72.0 vs. 74.0 years, respectively). The patients in the hypofibrinogenemia group showed a higher rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admission (11.1% vs. 22.7%; P=0.041) and tended to have more massive hemoptysis than those in the non-hyperfibrinogenemia group (23.1% vs. 36.0%; P=0.068). The patients in the hypofibrinogenemia group further showed a higher requirement for transfusion (10.2% vs. 38.7%; P<0.000) than those in the non-hyperfibrinogenemia group. Low levels of baseline plasma fibrinogen and a prolonged and higher total dose of batroxobin were associated with the development of acquired hypofibrinogenemia. Acquired hypofibrinogenemia was associated with increased 30-day mortality [hazard ratio (HR), 4.164; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.318-13.157]. Conclusions: The plasma fibrinogen levels in patients who were administered batroxobin for hemoptysis should be monitored, and batroxobin should be discontinued if hypofibrinogenemia occurs.

The complete chloroplast genome of Porella gracillima Mitt. (Porellaceae) and phylogenetic relationships to other bryophytes.

Porella gracillima Mitt. (Jungermanniidae, Porellaceae), a bryophyte is widespread in temperate Asia and North America. In Korea, P. gracillima is mainly observed in shaded and dried rocks or tree trunks on mountains. Here, we determined the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of P. gracillima to provide useful genetic information in the phylogenetic relationship, phylogeographic history, and conservation of the species. The complete cp genome of P. gracillima was assembled using NGS Illumina HiSeqX platform. The cp genome was 121,867 bp in length (GC contents, 33.7%) and showed a typical quadripartite structure, consisting of a large single copy (LSC) of 83,406 bp, a small single copy (SSC) of 19,692 bp, and two inverted repeats (IRs) of 9,385 bp. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Porellaceae was a sister group of Radulaceae, which agrees with the findings of the previous phylogenetic studies. Our cp genome data of P. gracillima may contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of the Porella in Porellaceae and will help to infer its molecular identification, thereby providing a guideline for conservation.

Risk factors for cerebral complications in patients with pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: A multicenter retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (PAVM) is a rare pulmonary disease. Although most patients with PAVMs are asymptomatic, cerebral complications associated with PAVMs are often fatal. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for cerebral complications in patients with PAVMs. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of patients with PAVMs between 2003 and 2021 at two tertiary referral hospitals and one secondary hospital. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients diagnosed with PAVMs were enrolled in this study. Most patients were female (89.1%), and the median age was 53 years. Thirty patients (54.5%) had incidentally detected PAVMs without symptoms. Twenty-four patients (43.7%) with PAVMs were treated with embolotherapy or surgery. Thirteen patients (23.6%) had cerebral complications. There was no significant difference in the development of cerebral complications according to treatment; however, older age (≥ 65 years) was associated with the development of new cerebral complications in untreated patients with PAVMs (odds ratio, 17.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-250.31; P = 0.038). CONCLUSION: Older age (≥ 65 years) was a risk factor for the development of cerebral complications in patients with PAVMs; therefore, treatment should be considered in older patients with PAVMs.

Usefulness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-polymerase chain reaction with bronchial washing samples in predicting discontinuation of airborne infection isolation in patients hospitalized with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE: In-hospital tuberculosis (TB) transmission remains a concern. Airborne infection isolation (AII) can be discontinued in hospitalized patients with suspected active pulmonary TB when the results of three consecutive sputum acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smears are negative. However, fiberoptic bronchoscopy can be performed in patients who may have difficulty in producing sputum samples. This study aimed to investigate the usefulness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-polymerase chain reaction (MTB-PCR) with bronchial washing specimens in predicting AII discontinuation in hospitalized patients with suspected active pulmonary TB. METHODS: We reviewed the medical charts of patients admitted to a tertiary hospital who were isolated and underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy for suspicious pulmonary TB from January 2016 to December 2019. Patients with positive MTB-PCR results in the initial sputum examination were excluded. Criteria for discontinuing AII were defined as negative results for three consecutive AFB smears from respiratory specimens, or cases diagnosed other than TB. The study patients were divided into two groups: TB group and non-TB group. RESULTS: In total, 166 patients were enrolled in the study. Of them, 35 patients were diagnosed with TB. There was no significant difference between the number of males in the TB (81; 61.8%) and non-TB (21; 60.0%) group. Though 139 patients had negative results on MTB-PCR using washing specimens, eight showed positive AFB culture. Of the 139 patients with negative MTB-PCR results, 138 had negative results for three consecutive AFB smears or were established to not have pulmonary TB. Therefore, the predictive accuracy of MTB-PCR with bronchial washing samples for discontinuing AII was 99.2%. CONCLUSION: Although a negative result from MTB-PCR with bronchial washing samples cannot exclude pulmonary TB, it can predict AII discontinuation in hospitalized patients with suspected active pulmonary TB.

Three cases of rigid bronchoscopic removal of carinal masses: Case report.

Tracheal tumors are rare diseases. They can cause narrowing of a central airway, a severe respiratory distress, and death. The objective of this case series is to highlight the role of rigid bronchoscopy in diagnosing and treating carina masses which are difficult to remove surgically. Tumor excision was performed by the rigid bronchoscopic intervention. Additional treatment was administered according to the diagnosis of each individual patient. After the procedure, patients' symptoms were improved and stenotic central airways were reopened. Rigid bronchoscopy can be a good therapeutic option to reestablish airway patency and a bridge treatment for further definitive treatment.

Smoking cessation rates in elderly and nonelderly smokers after participating in an intensive care smoking cessation camp.

Since it is a widely known fact that smoking cessation is beneficial physically and cognitively, efforts should be made to enable smokers to quit smoking through policy. Intensive care smoking cessation camps generally show a high smoking cessation success rate, but research is needed to determine which smokers should be admitted due to costeffectiveness. Although many studies have been conducted to find factors related to smoking cessation success, there is still controversy about the will and success rate of smoking cessation of elderly smokers. We performed this study to determine behavior characteristics and smoking cessation success rates in nonelderly and elderly smokers who participated in an intensive care smoking cessation camp. Heavy smokers participating in an intensive care smoking cessation camp at Chonnam National University Hospital between the August 2015 and December 2017 were classified into elderly (age ≥65 years old) or nonelderly (age <65 years old) groups after excluding missing data. Smokers were followed up at 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 6 months from the start of abstinence by self-report, measurement of carbon monoxide expiration levels or cotinine testing. A total of 351 smokers were enrolled in the study. At the 6-month follow-up, 56 of 107 (52.3%) elderly smokers and 109 of 244 (44.7%) nonelderly smokers continued to abstain from smoking. Elderly smokers showed a higher smoking cessation rate than that of nonelderly smokers, but it was not statistically significant (OR = 1.36, 95%CI: 0.862, 2.145). The most common causes of cessation failure in both groups were stress and temptation, followed by withdrawal symptoms. Smoking cessation rates in the elderly are comparable to that in the nonelderly after an intensive care smoking cessation camp. Intensive care smoking cessation camps can help both elderly and nonelderly smokers who intend to quit smoking by providing motivation, education and medication. Smoking cessation should be strongly recommended regardless of age.

Web-Based Intravenous Fluid Treatment Monitoring Platform in Nursing Station.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous fluid treatment is the most common way to take care of inpatients. Because of the global pandemic, the number of inpatients is increasing rapidly, leading to constant demand in the contactless system. PURPOSE: In this article, we suggest a web-based intravenous fluid treatment monitoring platform in the nursing station to unburden the medical staff's workload.

Life-threatening Mycobacterium intracellulare pleuritis in an immunocompetent host: Case reports.

RATIONALE: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM)-associated pleuritis is a very rare disease. Here, we describe 2 cases of life-threatening Mycobacterium intracellulare-associated pleuritis in immunocompetent hosts. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 78-year-old man with sudden onset-onset dyspnea (case 1) and an 80-year-old man with cough, sputum and fever (case 2) presented to our emergency room. DIAGNOSES: Both the patients were diagnosed with Mycobacterium intracellulare-associated pleuritis. INTERVENTION: In case 1, the patient underwent intubation with mechanical ventilation due to hypoxemic respiratory failure. Daily azithromycin, rifampin and ethambutol, and intravenous amikacin 3 times a week was administered. In case 2, the patient received daily azithromycin, rifampin and ethambutol, and intravenous amikacin 3 times a week. OUTCOMES: In case 1, after receiving NTM treatment for 14 months, NTM-associated pleuritis was cured, with radiologic improvement. In case 2, however, bronchopleural fistula was developed. Despite tube drainage, air leak continued. The patient refused surgical management and eventually died of respiratory failure. LESSONS: Pleural effusion arising from NTM lung disease located in the subpleural area should be considered a possible cause of NTM-associated pleuritis. Drainage and a multidrug regimen are required to treat NTM, and surgical treatment should be considered when complications occur.

Efficacy and dose of afatinib in patients with non-small cell lung cancer after failure of prior gefitinib or erlotinib treatment.

BACKGROUND: We report a subgroup analysis of afatinib with respect to its efficacy, safety, and the long-term survival of patients in a Named Patient Use program at a single institution. METHODS: We analyzed 60 patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had been treated with ≥1 line of platinum-based chemotherapy and had activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations or disease control for ≥6 months with prior EGFR inhibitors. Afatinib was started on a daily dose of 50 mg, which was decreased according to the adverse events and tolerability. RESULTS: A total of 13 patients achieved partial remission, whereas 33, 12, and two showed stable disease, had progression, and were not evaluable, respectively, resulting in an objective response rate and disease control rate of 21.7% and 76.7%, respectively. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5.4 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.0-7.7) months and median overall survival (OS) was 10.1 (8.5-13.6) months. Toxicities leading to drug discontinuation were experienced by four patients (6.7%). Grade 3 diarrhea occurred in 10 patients (16.7%), and afatinib dose reductions were required in 35 patients. The PFS and OS were significantly longer for patients whose dose was reduced to 40 or 30 mg than for those without dose reduction (7.0 vs 3.1 months and 13.5 vs 8.1 months, respectively, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of afatinib was similar to that identified in the global data without unexpected adverse events. Survival analyses support the currently approved dose of afatinib as first-line treatment for NSCLC.

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia without a compromised illness.

OBJECTIVE: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is a fatal respiratory infection, mostly associated with immunocompromised conditions. Several reports have described PCP development in patients who were not immunocompromised, but the clinical course and prognosis of PCP are not well understood. We compared the clinical characteristics and prognoses between patients with and without immunocompromised conditions who developed PCP. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients who had been treated for PCP from three hospitals. We defined immunocompromised (IC) status as following: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; hematological malignancy; solid organ tumor under chemotherapy; rheumatic disease; medication with immunosuppressive agents. Patients without immunocompromised status were defined as being non-immunocompromised (non-IC). RESULTS: The IC and non-IC groups comprised 173 and 14 patients. The median ages were 62.0 and 74.0 years in the IC and the non-IC group, respectively. The median interval between admission and anti-PCP treatment was significantly longer for patients in the non-IC group than that for patients in the IC group (7 vs. 2 days). The in-hospital mortality rates were significantly higher for patients in the non-IC group than that for patients in the IC group (71.4% vs. 43.9%; P = 0.047). A longer interval between admission and anti-PCP therapy was associated with increased 90-day mortality rate in patients with PCP (hazard ratio, 1.082; 95% confidence interval, 1.015-1.153; P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PCP with no predisposing illnesses were older and had higher mortality rates than IC patients with PCP. Delayed anti-PCP treatment was associated with increased 90-day mortality.

Generalized On-Demand Production of Nanoparticle Monolayers on Arbitrary Solid Surfaces via Capillarity-Mediated Inverse Transfer.

Century-old Langmuir monolayer deposition still represents the most convenient approach to the production of monolayers of colloidal nanoparticles on solid substrates for practical biological and chemical-sensing applications. However, this approach simply yields arbitrarily shaped large monolayers on a flat surface and is strongly limited by substrate topography and interfacial energy. Here, we describe a generalized and facile method of rapidly producing uniform monolayers of various colloidal nanoparticles on arbitrary solid substrates by using an ordinary capillary tube. Our method is based on an interesting finding of inversion phenomenon of a nanoparticle-laden air-water interface by flowing through a capillary tube in a manner that prevents the particles from adhesion to the capillary sidewall, thereby presenting the nanoparticles face-first at the tube's opposite end for direct and one-step deposition onto a substrate. We show that our method not only allows the placement of a nanoparticle monolayer at target locations of solid substrates regardless of their surface geometry and adhesion but also enables the production of monolayers containing nanoparticles with different size, shape, surface charge, and composition. To explore the potential of our approach, we demonstrate the facile integration of gold nanoparticle monolayers into microfluidic devices for the real-time monitoring of molecular Raman signals under dynamic flow conditions. Moreover, we successfully extend the use of our method to developing on-demand Raman sensors that can be built directly on the surface of consumer products for practical chemical sensing and fingerprinting. Specifically, we achieve both the pinpoint deposition of gold nanoparticle monolayers and sensitive molecular detection from the deposited region on clothing fabric for the detection of illegal drug substances, a single grain of rice and an orange for pesticide monitoring, and a $100 bill as a potential anti-counterfeit measure, respectively. We believe that our method will provide unique opportunities to expand the utility of colloidal nanoparticles and to greatly improve the accessibility of nanoparticle-based sensing technologies.

The Recency Period for Estimation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Incidence by the AxSYM Avidity Assay and BED-Capture Enzyme Immunoassay in the Republic of Korea.

OBJECTIVES: Measurement of the incidence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is very important for epidemiological studies. Here, we determined the recency period with the AxSYM avidity assay and the BED-capture enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA) in Korean seroconverters. METHODS: Two hundred longitudinal specimens from 81 seroconverters with incident HIV infections that had been collected at the Korea National Institute of Health were subjected to the AxSYM avidity assay (cutoff = 0.8) and BED-CEIA (cutoff = 0.8). The statistical method used to estimate the recency period in recent HIV infections was nonparametric survival analyses. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for 10-day increments from 120 days to 230 days to determine the recency period. RESULTS: The mean recency period of the avidity assay and BED-CEIA using a survival method was 158 days [95% confidence interval (CI), 135-181 days] and 189 days (95% CI, 170-208 days), respectively. Based on the use of sensitivity and specificity, the mean recency period for the avidity assay and BED-CEIA was 150 days and 200 days, respectively. CONCLUSION: We determined the recency period to estimate HIV incidence in Korea. These data showed that the nonparametric survival analysis often led to shorter recency periods than analysis of sensitivity and specificity as a new method. These findings suggest that more data from seroconverters and other methodologies are needed to determine the recency period for estimating HIV incidence.