Peripherally Restricted CB1 Receptor Inverse Agonist JD5037 Treatment Exacerbates Liver Injury in MDR2-Deficient Mice.

Previous research highlighted the involvement of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor in regulating the physiology of hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. The inhibition of the CB1 receptor via peripherally restricted CB1 receptor inverse agonist JD5037 has shown promise in inhibiting liver fibrosis in mice treated with CCl4. However, its efficacy in phospholipid transporter-deficiency-induced liver fibrosis remains uncertain. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of JD5037 in Mdr2-/- mice. Mdr2 (Abcb4) is a mouse ortholog of the human MDR3 (ABCB4) gene encoding for the canalicular phospholipid transporter. Genetic disruption of the Mdr2 gene in mice causes a complete absence of phosphatidylcholine from bile, leading to liver injury and fibrosis. Mdr2-/- mice develop spontaneous fibrosis during growth. JD5037 was orally administered to the mice for four weeks starting at eight weeks of age. Liver fibrosis, bile acid levels, inflammation, and injury were assessed. Additionally, JD5037 was administered to three-week-old mice to evaluate its preventive effects on fibrosis development. Our findings corroborate previous observations regarding global CB1 receptor inverse agonists. Four weeks of JD5037 treatment in eight-week-old Mdr2-/- mice with established fibrosis led to reduced body weight gains. However, contrary to expectations, JD5037 significantly exacerbated liver injury, evidenced by elevated serum ALT and ALP levels and exacerbated liver histology. Notably, JD5037-treated Mdr2-/- mice exhibited significantly heightened serum bile acid levels. Furthermore, JD5037 treatment intensified liver fibrosis, increased fibrogenic gene expression, stimulated ductular reaction, and upregulated hepatic proinflammatory cytokines. Importantly, JD5037 failed to prevent liver fibrosis formation in three-week-old Mdr2-/- mice. In summary, our study reveals the exacerbating effect of JD5037 on liver fibrosis in genetically MDR2-deficient mice. These findings underscore the need for caution in the use of peripherally restricted CB1R inverse agonists for liver fibrosis treatment, particularly in cases of dysfunctional hepatic phospholipid transporter.

5,18-Dimesitylorangarin: a Stable Antiaromatic [20]Pentaphyrin(1.0.1.0.0) Displaying Remarkable Oxidative Self-Coupling Reactions.

5,18-Dimesitylorangarin and its BF2 complex were synthesized by double SNAr reaction of 3,5-dibromo-BODIPY with a-(pyro-2-ly)dipyrrin as the first examples of meso-aryl-substituted orangarin. These orangarins, delineated as [20]pentaphyrin(1.0.1.0.0), are strongly antiaromatic but rather stable. The free base orangarin was coupled by oxidation with MnO2 to give a 11,11'-linked dimer, a cyclooctatetraene(COT)-centered trimer, and a spiro-trimer. Fused COT-centered 3H-orangarin dimer was oxidized to the corresponding 2H-orangarin dimer, which was further coupled to give a triply COT centered 2H-orangarin tetramer. 3H-Orangarin oligomers are all antiaromatic as evinced by extremely low-field-shifted 1H NMR signals of the inner NH and ill-defined absorption spectra with broad tails. In contrast, COT-centered 2H-orangarin dimer and tetramer show moderately low-field-shifted NH signals and intense NIR absorbance over 900 nm, suggesting the effective p-conjugation through the COT bridge and almost non-antiaromatic character. These orangarin oligomers exhibit many reversible redox potentials owing to the intramolecular electronic interactions. Regardless of the different aromatic characters, all the orangarin monomers and oligomers exhibit very rapid excited-state decays.

Clinical efficacy of pre-trained large language models through the lens of aphasia.

The rapid development of large language models (LLMs) motivates us to explore how such state-of-the-art natural language processing systems can inform aphasia research. What kind of language indices can we derive from a pre-trained LLM? How do they differ from or relate to the existing language features in aphasia? To what extent can LLMs serve as an interpretable and effective diagnostic and measurement tool in a clinical context? To investigate these questions, we constructed predictive and correlational models, which utilize mean surprisals from LLMs as predictor variables. Using AphasiaBank archived data, we validated our models' efficacy in aphasia diagnosis, measurement, and prediction. Our finding is that LLMs-surprisals can effectively detect the presence of aphasia and different natures of the disorder, LLMs in conjunction with the existing language indices improve models' efficacy in subtyping aphasia, and LLMs-surprisals can capture common agrammatic deficits at both word and sentence level. Overall, LLMs have potential to advance automatic and precise aphasia prediction. A natural language processing pipeline can be greatly benefitted from integrating LLMs, enabling us to refine models of existing language disorders, such as aphasia.

Protective Effects of Changbudodam-tang on Cell Death Signals on the Bone Marrow-Derived Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Regulation of MKK7/JNK/c-Jun Signaling Pathway.

Objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common disorders and it shows up to 20% prevalence in reproductive-aged women populations, but no cures are available to date. We aimed to investigate the protective effects of Changbudodam-tang (CBD) on cell death signaling pathways, inflammation, and oxidative stress observed in Bone-Marrow derived human mesenchymal stem cell (BM-hMSC) by means of PCOS therapeutics in the future. Methods: BM-hMSCs were applied with cell deaths and injuries. Apoptosis and pyroptosis signals were quenched with their related signaling pathways using quantitative PCR, Western blot, and fluorescence image analysis. Results: Our data clearly displayed hydrogen peroxide- and nigericin-treated cell death signaling pathways via regulations of mitochondrial integrity and interleukin (IL)-1ß at the cellular levels (p < 0.01 or 0.001). We further observed that pre-treatment with CBD showed protective effects against oxidative stress by enhancement of antioxidant components at the cellular level, with respect to both protein and mRNA expression levels (p < 0.05, 0.01 or 0.001). The mechanisms of CBD were examined by Western blot analysis, and it showed anti-cell death, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects via normalizations of the Jun N-terminal kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7/c-Jun signaling pathways. Conclusion: This study confirmed the pharmacological properties of CBD by regulation of cellular oxidation and the inflammation-provoked cell death condition of BM-hMSCs, which is mediated by the MKK7/JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway.

hMAGEA2 Accelerates the Progression of Prostate Cancer via the EFNA3-Erk1/2 Signaling Pathway.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Human melanoma-associated antigen A2 (hMAGEA2) family members play several roles in many types of cancer and have been explored as potential prognostic markers. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying hMAGEA2-mediated tumorigenesis of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to assess protein expression whereas microarray and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR determined mRNA expression. CCK-8 assay was used to determine cell proliferation. Colony formation assay was used to examine tumorigenesis. Migration and invasion were examined using a transwell assay. Propidium iodide (PI)/Annexin V double staining was performed to measure apoptosis. Transcriptional activity was measured using Dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS: hMAGEA2 was highly over-expressed in human prostate cancer tissues compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues. To elucidate its biological function in prostate cancer, we established two stable hMAGEA2-knockdown prostate cancer cell lines, PC3M and 22RV1, and found that they presented significantly decreased proliferation, anchorage-independent colony formation, migration, and invasion. As hMAGEA2 knockdown suppressed prostate cancer cell growth, we examined its potential influence on tumor apoptosis. hMAGEA2-knockdown cell lines displayed early apoptosis. Moreover, knockdown of hMAGEA2 resulted in the down-regulation of EFNA3 expression. Luciferase assay showed that hMAGEA2 bound to the EFNA promoter region and regulated its transcription. Down-regulation of EFNA3 expression led to decreased Ras/Braf/MEK/Erk1/2 phosphorylation and, consequently, inhibited prostate cancer progression. CONCLUSION: hMAGEA2 promotes prostate cancer growth, metastasis, and tumorigenesis by regulating the EFNA3-Erk1/2 signaling pathway, indicating its potential as a therapeutic marker for prostate cancer.

Erythema nodosum as an unusual skin manifestation of long COVID: A case report.

Erythema nodosum (EN) is a skin manifestation of panniculitis characterized by symmetric, painful, tender nodules, and most cases are self-limiting. Few cases of EN following Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination have been reported, and they are generally self-limiting. We reported the challenging case of a 63-year-old Asian woman with EN that persisted for more than three months after a coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). There was no improvement despite topical steroid and NSAIDs treatment, and the patient was successfully treated with combination of high-dose steroid and NSAIDs. There were long-lasting symptoms involving various organ symptoms persisting over three months after COVID-19, which is known as Long COVID. As part of Long COVID, there are limited cases of skin manifestations. Given that immune dysregulation due to persistent coronaviruses may contribute to refractory EN, Erythema nodosum related to COVID-19 is rare, but can occur; clinicians should be aware of the occurrence of EN following COVID-19 infection.

SNPs in microRNA seed region and impact of miR-375 in concurrent regulation of multiple lipid accumulation-related genes.

Bovine intramuscular fat (IMF), commonly referred to as marbling, is regulated by lipid metabolism, which includes adipogenesis, lipogenesis, glycerolipid synthesis, and lipolysis. In recent years, breeding researchers have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as useful marker-assisted selection tools for improving marbling scores in national breeding programs. These included causal SNPs that induce phenotypic variation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small highly conserved non-coding RNA molecules that bind to multiple non-coding regions. They are involved in post-transcriptional regulation. Multiple miRNAs may regulate a given target. Previously, three SNPs in the GPAM 3' UTR and four miRNAs were identified through in silico assays. The aim of this study is to verify the binding ability of the four miRNAs to the SNPs within the 3'UTR of GPAM, and to identify the regulatory function of miR-375 in the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in mammalian adipocytes. It was verified that the four miRNAs bind to the GPAM 3'UTR, and identified that the miR-375 sequence is highly conserved. Furthermore, it was founded that miR-375 upregulated the GPAM gene, C/EBPα, PPARγ and lipid metabolism-related genes and promoted lipid droplet accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. In conclusion, these results suggest that miR-375 is a multifunctional regulator of multiple lipid metabolism-related genes and may aid in obesity research as a biomarker.

The needs for digital health and eHeath literacy of cancer patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers: A multicenter, descriptive correlational study.

PURPOSE: Digital health is an indispensable tool, but its use depends on the eHealth literacy (eHL) of end-users. This study aimed to understand the need for digital health and eHL among cancer patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers and to identify differences in digital health needs related to the eHL of cancer patients. METHODS: A multicenter, descriptive correlational study was conducted and included a total of 209 patients, 150 caregivers and 150 healthcare providers. Digital health needs were identified, and eHL was measured using the Korean version of the eHealth Literacy Scale. Differences in digital health needs in relation to the eHL of patients were analyzed. RESULTS: The most necessary digital health functions among cancer patients and caregivers were 'information and education on symptom management after cancer treatment' and 'education on coping methods for each type of cancer' (87.1-94.0%). Healthcare providers reported the need for a digital health function for 'medication information' and assisting in 'medical appointments' (96.7-98.0%). The preferred types of digital health were telemonitoring, mobile services, and telemedicine by telephone (81.3-90.5%). The mean eHL score of the cancer patients was 28.84 ± 6.75. Differences existed in the need for digital health functions and preferences for digital health types between cancer patients with high and low eHL. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer patients and caregivers expressed strong needs for digital health that provide information and education about symptom management and coping with cancer. Digital health interventions for cancer care need to be developed to reflect the identified needs and preferences and eHL of end-users.

MASCC 2023 Patient-Centered Antiemetic Guidelines and Education Statements: an evidence-based and consensus resource for patients.

PURPOSE: The Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC)/European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) Patient Antiemetic Guideline Committee aimed to (1) adapt the updated evidence-based, clinical guidelines to patient-centered antiemetic guidelines and (2) develop patient education materials and statements. METHODS: The MASCC 2023 Patient Antiemetic Guidelines were created and reviewed by antiemetic experts and patient advocates by incorporating the 2023 MASCC/ESMO antiemetic guidelines into patient-friendly language. Patient Education Statements were developed based on current literature and by utilizing an expert modified Delphi consensus (≥ 75% agreement). Patient advocate/focus group input and patient survey results were further integrated into Patient-Centered Antiemetic Guidelines and Education Statements. RESULTS: Patient-Centered Antiemetic Guidelines were created using patient-friendly language and visual slides. Patient-friendly language was also utilized to communicate the Educational Statements. Key content categories identified for the Educational Statements included the following: nausea/vomiting definitions, causes, risk factors, categories, complications, accompanying symptoms, prophylactic antiemetic treatment, general management, when to call/what to ask the healthcare team, what caregivers can do, and available resources. All identified content met the ≥ 75% expert agreement threshold. Fifteen (15) items demonstrated 100% agreement, 11 items achieved ≥ 90% agreement, and three content items demonstrated 80 ~ 82% agreement. CONCLUSIONS: The inaugural MASCC 2023 Patient Antiemetic Guidelines can help patients and caregivers understand the prevention of nausea and vomiting related to their cancer treatment. Educational Statements provide further patient information. Educating patients on how to utilize guideline antiemetics and the education statements can contribute improvements in the control of anticancer treatment-related nausea and vomiting.

Inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula with probiotics and metagenomic analysis.

In the present study, proper manual for powdered infant formula with probiotics (PIF-P) to prevent the contamination of Cronobacter sakazakii was investigated. First, the population of C. sakazakii and LAB in three different PIF-P samples were quantitatively analyzed after reconstituted with hydrothermal treatments. When C. sakazakii was inoculated into reconstituted infant formula with probiotics (RIF-P), it was immediately reduced below the detection limit by 60-65 °C hydrothermal treatment whereas reduction levels of LAB was 1-2 log CFU/g. When heat resistance of C. sakazakii inoculated to PIF-P with 4 h drying was compared with that inoculated to RIF-P samples, the heat resistance of C. sakazakii increased significantly after the inoculation in PIF-P with drying. Metagenomic analysis revealed that Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were dominant genus in all three groups and there was no significant difference in the microbial community of untreated PIF sample and hydrothermal treated samples. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01503-x.

A multimodal machine learning model for predicting dementia conversion in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for 60-70% of the population with dementia. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a diagnostic entity defined as an intermediate stage between subjective cognitive decline and dementia, and about 10-15% of people annually convert to AD. We aimed to investigate the most robust model and modality combination by combining multi-modality image features based on demographic characteristics in six machine learning models. A total of 196 subjects were enrolled from four hospitals and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative dataset. During the four-year follow-up period, 47 (24%) patients progressed from MCI to AD. Volumes of the regions of interest, white matter hyperintensity, and regional Standardized Uptake Value Ratio (SUVR) were analyzed using T1, T2-weighted-Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery (T2-FLAIR) MRIs, and amyloid PET (αPET), along with automatically provided hippocampal occupancy scores (HOC) and Fazekas scales. As a result of testing the robustness of the model, the GBM model was the most stable, and in modality combination, model performance was further improved in the absence of T2-FLAIR image features. Our study predicts the probability of AD conversion in MCI patients, which is expected to be useful information for clinician's early diagnosis and treatment plan design.

The Risk of Venous Thromboembolism and Ischemic Stroke Stratified by VTE Risk Following Multiple Myeloma: A Korean Population-Based Cohort Study.

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, with elevated rates of arterial thrombosis and venous thromboembolism (VTE) and ischemic stroke (IS). We aimed to estimate the incidence of VTE and IS categorized by the VTE risk grade among individuals with MM in Korea. Additionally, we explored the potential of the IMPEDE VTE score as a tool for assessing IS risk in patients with MM. Methods: This retrospective cohort study comprised 37,168 individuals aged ≥ 18 years newly diagnosed with MM between January 2008 and December 2021 using the representative claims database of the Korean population. The risk of the incidence of VTE and IS within 6 months after MM diagnosis was stratified based on high-risk (IMPEDE VTE score ≥ 8) and low-risk (<8) categories. The hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models. Results: The VTE incidence was 120.4 per 1000 person-years and IS incidence was 149.3 per 1000 person-years. Statistically significant differences were observed in the cumulative incidence rates of VTE between groups with high and low VTE scores (p < 0.001) and between individuals aged ≤ 65 years (p < 0.001) and those with a Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) ≥ 3 compared to lower scores (p < 0.001). Additionally, the cumulative incidence rate of IS differed significantly across all groups (p < 0.001). The HR for the high-risk group in VTE and IS occurrence was 1.59 (95% CI, 1.26-2.00) and 3.47 (95% CI, 2.99-4.02), respectively. Conclusions: It is important to screen and manage high-risk groups for the early development of VTE or IS in patients with newly diagnosed MM.

Orthodontic diagnosis rates based on panoramic radiographs in children aged 6-8 years: A retrospective study.

Objective: This study aimed to retrospectively analyze the prevalence of orthodontic problems and the proportion of patients who underwent orthodontic diagnosis among children aged 6 (n = 300), 7 (n = 400), and 8 (n = 400) years who had undergone panoramic radiography. Methods: Children were divided into five groups according to their chief complaint and consultation: conservative dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, periodontics, and prosthodontics). Chief complaints investigated included first molar eruption, lack of space for incisor eruption, frequency of eruption problems, lack of space, impaction, supernumerary teeth (SNT), missing teeth, and ectropion eruption. The number of patients whose chief complaint was not related to orthodontics but had dental problems requiring orthodontic treatment was counted. The proportion of patients with orthodontic problems who received an orthodontic diagnosis was also examined. Results: Dental trauma and SNT were the most frequent chief complaints among the children. The proportion of patients with orthodontic problems increased with age. However, the orthodontic diagnosis rates based on panoramic radiographs among children aged 6, 7, 8 years were only 1.5% (6 years) and 23% (7 and 8 years). Conclusions: Accurate information should be provided to patient caregivers to correct misconceptions regarding the appropriateness of delaying orthodontic examination until permanent dentition is established.

The changes in biethnic acceptance across daily settings and biethnic adolescents' psychological well-being during middle school transition.

INTRODUCTION: Patterns of biethnic adolescents' perceived biethnic acceptance across families, peers, and school contexts were examined during the transition from elementary to middle school in South Korea. We also examined how the transition patterns were related to their psychological outcomes during this period. METHODS: Utilizing 2-wave data (2017 and 2019) from the Panel Survey of Korean Multicultural Youth Adjustment, a latent transition analysis was conducted. Participants were biethnic adolescents who were in 5th or 6th grade at Wave 1 (N = 245; 51.02% female; Mage = 11.38). Their fathers were Korean, and mothers were immigrants from neighboring countries. Familial ethnic socialization, peer discrimination, and school multicultural climate scores were used as indicators of biethnic acceptance. Outcomes of self-esteem, depression, and biethnic affirmation were also examined. RESULTS: Latent profile and transition analyses yielded two groups (i.e., high acceptance and low acceptance) at each wave and four transition patterns (i.e., high-high, low-high, low-low, and high-low). Compared to high-high group, which was the most prevalent group, low-low and high-low groups reported lower self-esteem and ethnic affirmation, and greater depression at Wave 3. CONCLUSIONS: While for the majority of participants, their daily settings continued to be high in biethnic acceptance across the transition period, most at risk were those who perceived a decrease in biethnic acceptance in their daily settings. Results shed light on the need for support to maintain the context of high biethnic acceptance surrounding biethnic adolescents for their psychological well-being in school transitions.

A Janus carbaporphyrin pseudo-dimer.

Carbaporphyrin dimers, investigated for their distinctive electronic structures and exceptional properties, have predominantly consisted of systems containing identical subunits. This study addresses the associated knowledge gap by focusing on asymmetric carbaporphyrin dimers with Janus-like characteristics. The synthesis of a Janus-type carbaporphyrin pseudo-dimer 5 is presented. It displays antiaromatic characteristics on the fused side and nonaromatic behavior on the unfused side. A newly synthesized tetraphenylene (TPE) linked bis-dibenzihomoporphyrin 8 and a previously reported dibenzo[g,p]chrysene (DBC) linked bis-dicarbacorrole 9 were prepared as controls. Comprehensive analyses, including 1H NMR spectral studies, single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, and DFT calculations, validate the mixed character of 5. A further feature of the Janus pseudo-dimer 5 is that it may be transformed into a heterometallic complex, with one side coordinating a Cu(III) center and the other stabilizing a BODIPY complex. This disparate regiochemical reactivity underscores the potential of carbaporphyrin dimers as versatile frameworks, with electronic features and site-specific coordination chemistry controlled through asymmetry. These findings position carbaporphyrin dimers as promising candidates for advances in electronic structure studies, coordination chemistry, materials science, and beyond.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Depression and Anxiety Among Healthcare Workers During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Nationwide Study in Korea.

BACKGROUND: A healthcare system's collapse due to a pandemic, such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), can expose healthcare workers (HCWs) to various mental health problems. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the depression and anxiety of HCWs. METHODS: A nationwide questionnaire-based survey was conducted on HCWs who worked in healthcare facilities and public health centers in Korea in December 2020. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) were used to measure depression and anxiety. To investigate factors associated with depression and anxiety, stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: A total of 1,425 participating HCWs were included. The mean depression score (PHQ-9) of HCWs before and after COVID-19 increased from 2.37 to 5.39, and the mean anxiety score (GAD-7) increased from 1.41 to 3.41. The proportion of HCWs with moderate to severe depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) increased from 3.8% before COVID-19 to 19.5% after COVID-19, whereas that of HCWs with moderate to severe anxiety (GAD-7 ≥ 10) increased from 2.0% to 10.1%. In our study, insomnia, chronic fatigue symptoms and physical symptoms after COVID-19, anxiety score (GAD-7) after COVID-19, living alone, and exhaustion were positively correlated with depression. Furthermore, post-traumatic stress symptoms, stress score (Global Assessment of Recent Stress), depression score (PHQ-9) after COVID-19, and exhaustion were positively correlated with anxiety. CONCLUSION: In Korea, during the COVID-19 pandemic, HCWs commonly suffered from mental health problems, including depression and anxiety. Regularly checking the physical and mental health problems of HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic is crucial, and social support and strategy are needed to reduce the heavy workload and psychological distress of HCWs.

Impact of scleral tunnel length on the position of IOLs in flanged intrascleral haptic fixation.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of scleral tunnel length on the effective lens position and tilt of the intraocular lens (IOL) in flanged intrascleral haptic fixation (ISHF) using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). SETTING: Tertiary institution. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. METHODS: This study included 55 and 42 eyes that underwent ISHF with 1.0- and 2.0-mm scleral tunnels, respectively. Twenty-three eyes that underwent sutured fixation were used as a control. The anterior chamber depth (ACD), scleral tunnel length, incident angle of haptic, and tilting of optic were analyzed using AS-OCT. RESULTS: The mean postoperative ACD, vertical tilt angle, and spherical equivalent of the 1.0-mm were 5.27 ± 0.39 mm, 6.04 ± 4.87°, and 0.38 ± 1.03 D, respectively. The ACD and vertical tilt angle of the 1.0-mm were larger than those of the others (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively), and the postoperative spherical equivalent was more hyperopic (p<0.05). The 2.0-mm exhibited a lower frequency of tilting greater than 7°. The inter-eye difference in ACD between in-the-bag fixation and ISHF of the1.0-mm tunnel was significantly greater than that in the 2.0-mm tunnel (p<0.05). The 1.0 mm tunnel had a significantly larger incident angle and a longer tunnel length (p<0.001, respectively) and showed a greater difference in the tunnel length on both sides (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: A shorter tunnel yielded a more unstable IOL position, greater variation in angle and tunnel length, and longer ACD during ISHF. An exact 2.0-mm tunnel must be created on both sides to achieve a stable and predictable IOL position.

Metalla-Carbaporphyrinoids Consisting of an Acyclic N-Confused Tetrapyrrole Analogue Served as Stable Near-Infrared-II Dyes.

We present herein the synthesis of novel pseudo-metalla-carbaporphyrinoid species (1M: M=Pd and Pt) achieved through the inner coordination of palladium(II) and platinum(II) with an acyclic N-confused tetrapyrrin analogue. Despite their tetrapyrrole frameworks being small, akin to well-known porphyrins, these species exhibit an unusually narrow HOMO-LUMO gap, resulting in an unprecedentedly low-energy absorption in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) region. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed unique dπ-pπ-conjugated electronic structures involving the metal dπ-ligand pπ hybridized molecular orbitals of 1M. Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy confirmed distinct electronic structures. Remarkably, the complexes feature an open-metal coordination site in the peripheral NN dipyrrin site, forming hetero-metal complexes (1Pd-BF2 and 1Pt-BF2) through boron difluoride complexation. The resulting hetero metalla-carbaporphyrinoid species displayed further redshifted NIR-II absorption, highly efficient photothermal conversion efficiencies (η; 62-65 %), and exceptional photostability. Despite the challenges associated with the theoretical and experimental assessment of dπ-pπ-conjugated metalla-aromaticity in relatively larger (more than 18π electrons) polycyclic ring systems, these organometallic planar tetrapyrrole systems could serve as potential molecular platforms for aromaticity-relevant NIR-II dyes.