Grape seed powder increases gastrointestinal motility.

Grape seed is an important natural bioactive product with various health benefits. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are pacemaker cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The present study investigated the effects of grape seed powder (GSP) on ICC properties and GI motility. GSP depolarized the pacemaker potentials of ICCs in a dose­dependent manner. Y25130 or SB269970 slightly inhibited GSP­induced effects. However, Y25130 and SB269970 together completely blocked GSP-induced effects. In the presence of inhibitors of protein kinase C, protein kinase A, or mitogen-activated protein kinase, GSP­induced ICC depolarization was inhibited. GSP increased the intestinal transit rate in normal mice and in mice with acetic acid-induced GI motility disorder. In addition, the levels of motilin and substance P were elevated after GSP dosing. These results demonstrate that GSP can regulate GI motility, and therefore, it is a potential therapeutic agent for treating GI motility disorders.

Overexpression of VlPRX21 and VlPRX35 genes in Arabidopsis plants leads to bioconversion of trans-resveratrol to δ-viniferin.

Stilbenes, including resveratrol and viniferins, a small family of polyphenols, are considered the most important phytoalexin group in Vitis species. In a previous study, we found that co-treatment of methyl jasmonate (MJ) and stevioside (STE) resulted in enhanced extracellular production of viniferins in grapevine cell suspension cultures. Thus, to further understand the mechanisms of viniferin production in grapevine cell cultures, we performed transcriptome analysis and isolated seven candidates of grapevine peroxidase genes (VlAPX6, VlGPX5, VlPRX13, VlPRX21, VlPRX35, VlPRX40, and VlPRX50). Bioconversion of trans-resveratrol to δ-viniferin was examined using crude protein extracts isolated from agroinfiltration-based transient expression of VlPRXs in Nicotiana benthamiana. In addition, we found that crude protein extracts from VlPRX21-, VlPRX35-, and VlPRX40-overexpressing (OX) transgenic Arabidopsis plants led to the conversion of trans-resveratrol to δ-viniferin. We found that in vitro experiments with crude protein extracts from VlPRX21-OX and VlPRX35-OX Arabidopsis plants catalyzed the dimerization of trans-resveratrol to δ-viniferin. Our results suggest that VlPRX21 and VlPRX35 encode functional grapevine class III peroxidases and catalyze the oxidative dimerization of trans-resveratrol to form δ-viniferin in grapevine.

Hemistepsin A suppresses colorectal cancer growth through inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity.

Most cancer cells primarily produce their energy through a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation even in the presence of abundant oxygen. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) 1, an enzyme responsible for aerobic glycolysis via phosphorylating and inactivating pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex, is commonly overexpressed in tumors and recognized as a therapeutic target in colorectal cancer. Hemistepsin A (HsA) is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Hemistepta lyrata Bunge (Compositae). Here, we report that HsA is a PDK1 inhibitor can reduce the growth of colorectal cancer and consequent activation of mitochondrial ROS-dependent apoptotic pathway both in vivo and in vitro. Computational simulation and biochemical assays showed that HsA directly binds to the lipoamide-binding site of PDK1, and subsequently inhibits the interaction of PDK1 with the E2 subunit of PDH complex. As a result of PDK1 inhibition, lactate production was decreased, but oxygen consumption was increased. Mitochondrial ROS levels and mitochondrial damage were also increased. Consistent with these observations, the apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells was promoted by HsA with enhanced activation of caspase-3 and -9. These results suggested that HsA might be a potential candidate for developing a novel anti-cancer drug through suppressing cancer metabolism.

Effects of Chaihu-Shugan-San on Small Intestinal Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Mice.

Chaihu-Shugan-San (CSS) has been widely used as an alternative treatment for gastrointestinal (GI) diseases in East Asia. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are pacemakers in the GI tract. In the present study, we examined the action of CSS on pacemaker potentials in cultured ICCs from the mouse small intestine in vitro and on GI motility in vivo. We used the electrophysiological methods to measure the pacemaker potentials in ICCs. GI motility was investigated by measuring intestinal transit rates (ITR). CSS inhibited the pacemaker potentials in a dose-dependent manner. The capsazepine did not block the effect of CSS. However, the effects of CSS were blocked by glibenclamide. In addition, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) also blocked the CSS-induced effects. Pretreatment with SQ-22536 or with KT-5720 did not suppress the effects of CSS; however, pretreatment with ODQ or KT-5823 did. Furthermore, CSS significantly suppressed murine ITR enhancement by neostigmine in vivo. These results suggest that CSS exerts inhibitory effects on the pacemaker potentials of ICCs via nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP and ATP-sensitive K+ channel dependent and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel independent pathways. Accordingly, CSS could provide the basis for the development of new treatments for GI motility dysfunction.

Rikkunshito Depolarizes Pacemaker Potentials of Cultured Interstitial Cells of Cajal through Ghrelin Receptors in Murine Small Intestine.

BACKGROUND: Rikkunshito has been used to treat gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Rikkunshito, a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, on the pacemaker potentials of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) from the small intestines of mice. METHODS: We isolated ICCs from the small intestines of mice, and the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration was used to record the pacemaker potentials in cultured ICCs and membrane currents. RESULTS: Rikkunshito depolarized ICC pacemaker potentials in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with GSK1614343 or (D-Lys3)-growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 inhibited Rikkunshito-induced depolarization of pacemaker potentials. Intracellular GDP-ß-S inhibited Rikkunshito-induced effects. In Ca2+-free solution or in the presence of thapsigargin, Rikkunshito did not depolarize pacemaker potentials. Moreover, in the presence of U-73122 or xestospongin C, Rikkunshito-induced effects were inhibited. However, in the presence of staurosporine, Go6976 or Rottlerin, Rikkunshito depolarized pacemaker potentials. Furthermore, Rikkunshito inhibited both transient receptor potentials melastatin 7 (TRPM7) and Ca2+-activated Cl- channels (ANO1) currents. CONCLUSION: Rikkunshito depolarized pacemaker potentials of ICCs via ghrelin receptor and G protein through internal or external Ca2+-, phospholipase C-, and inositol triphosphate-dependent and protein kinase C-, TRPM7-, and ANO1-independent pathways. The study shows that Rikkunshito may alleviate GI motility disorders through its depolarizing effects on ICCs.

The Traditional Medicine Banhasasim-Tang Depolarizes Pacemaker Potentials of Cultured Interstitial Cells of Cajal through M3 Muscarinic and 5-HT3 Receptors in Murine Small Intestine.

BACKGROUND: Banhasasim-tang (BHSST) is a classic herbal formulation in traditional Chinese medicine widely used for gastrointestinal (GI) tract motility disorder. We investigated the effects of BHSST on the pacemaker potentials of cultured interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in small intestine in vitro and its effects on GI motor functions in vivo. METHODS: We isolated ICCs from the small intestines and recorded pacemaker potentials in cultured ICCs with the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration in vitro. Intestinal transit rates (ITR%) were investigated in normal mice and GI motility dysfunction (GMD) mouse models in vivo. RESULTS: BHSST (20-50 mg/mL) depolarized pacemaker potentials and decreased their amplitudes in a concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment with methoctramine (a muscarinic M2 receptor antagonist) did not inhibit BHSST-induced pacemaker potential depolarization. However, when we applied 1,1-dimethyl-4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium iodide (4-DAMP; a muscarinic M3 receptor antagonist), BHSST-induced effects were blocked. Pretreatment with Y25130 (a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist) blocked BHSST-induced effects in ICCs. In addition, when we applied 4-DAMP and Y25130 together, BHSST-induced effects were completely blocked. Pretreatment with Ca2+-free solution or thapsigargin inhibited BHSST-induced effects. Moreover, BHSST blocked both the transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) 7 and voltage-sensitive calcium-activated chloride (anoctamin-1, ANO1) channels. In normal mice, ITR% values were significantly increased by BHSST in a dose-dependent manner. The ITR% of GMD mice was significantly reduced relative to those of normal mice, which were significantly reversed by BHSST in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that BHSST depolarizes the pacemaker potentials of ICCs in a dose-dependent manner through the M3 and 5-HT3 receptors via internal and external Ca2+-dependent and TRPM7- and ANO1-independent pathways in vitro. Moreover, BHSST increased ITR% in vivo in normal mice and GMD mouse models. Taken together, the results of this study showed that BHSST had the potential for development as a prokinetic agent in GI motility function.

Hemistepsin A alleviates liver fibrosis by inducing apoptosis of activated hepatic stellate cells via inhibition of nuclear factor-κB and Akt.

Hemistepsin A (HsA), isolated from Hemistepta lyrata (Bunge) Bunge, has the ability to ameliorate hepatitis in mice. However, the effects of H. lyrata and HsA on other types of liver disease have not been explored. In this report, we investigated the effects of H. lyrata and HsA on liver fibrosis and the underlying molecular mechanisms in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Based on cell viability-guided isolation, we found HsA was the major natural product responsible for H. lyrata-mediated cytotoxicity in LX-2 cells. HsA significantly decreased the viability of LX-2 cells and primary activated HSCs, increased the binding of Annexin V, and altered the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, suggesting that HsA induces apoptosis in activated HSCs. HsA reduced the phosphorylation of IKKε and the transactivation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Moreover, HsA decreased the phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream signaling molecules. Transfection experiments suggested that inhibition of NF-κB or Akt is essential for HsA-induced apoptosis of HSCs. In a CCl4-induced liver fibrosis model, HsA administration significantly decreased ALT and AST activities. Furthermore, HsA attenuated CCl4-mediated collagen deposits and profibrogenic genes expression in hepatic tissue. Thus, HsA may serve as a natural product for managing liver fibrosis through inhibition of NF-κB/Akt-dependent signaling.

Sipjeondaebo-tang Alleviates Oxidative Stress-Mediated Liver Injury through Activation of the CaMKK2-AMPK Signaling Pathway.

Sipjeondaebo-tang (SDT) is used frequently as a herbal prescription to treat deficiency syndromes in traditional Korean medicine. We investigated the hepatoprotective effects of SDT against oxidative stress and attempted to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms. SDT pretreatment reduced arachidonic acid (AA) plus iron-mediated cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner and prevented changes in apoptosis-related protein expression. In addition, SDT pretreatment significantly reduced glutathione depletion, hydrogen peroxide production, and mitochondrial dysfunction via treatment with AA plus iron. SDT increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in accordance with the phosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2). Experiments using an AMPK chemical inhibitor (Compound C) or CaMKK2 chemical inhibitor (STO-609) suggested that the CaMKK2-AMPK signaling pathway contributes to SDT-mediated protection of mitochondria and cells. Moreover, administration of SDT for 4 consecutive days to mice significantly reduced the alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities induced by carbon tetrachloride, and the numbers of degenerated hepatocytes, infiltrated inflammatory cells, nitrotyrosine-positive cells, and 4-hydroxynonenal-positive cells in liver tissue. Therefore, SDT protects hepatocytes from oxidative stress via CaMKK2-dependent AMPK activation and has the therapeutic potential to prevent or treat oxidative stress-related liver injury.

Effects of Gamisoyo-San Decoction, a Traditional Chinese Medicine, on Gastrointestinal Motility.

BACKGROUND: Gamisoyo-San decoction (GSS), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used to treat various gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and diseases such as functional dyspepsia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of GSS on GI motility functions in mice. METHODS: Percent intestinal transit rate (ITR%) and gastric emptying (GE) values were measured using Evans Blue and phenol red, respectively, in normal mice and in mice with experimentally induced GI motility dysfunction (GMD). RESULTS: In normal mice, GSS (0.01-1 g/kg) induced higher GE values than non-treated controls. Also, GSS could increase GE in loperamide-induced and cisplatin-induced GE delay models. In addition, GSS increased ITR% in a dose-dependent manner. Loperamide decreased ITR% and GSS recovered this loperamide-induced decrease in ITR%. To examine the effect of GSS on GMD, we used acetic acid (AA)-induced and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mouse GMD models. The AA mouse model showed a significant decrease in ITR%. However, intragastric treatment with GSS significantly recovered this inhibition. Furthermore, STZ-induced diabetic mice showed a significant reduction in ITR%, which was also significantly inhibited by GSS. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that GSS can modulate bowel activity and that it could be used as a gastroprokinetic agent in the treatment of GI motility diseases.

Optimization of Cytokine Milieu to Reproduce Atopic Dermatitis-related Gene Expression in HaCaT Keratinocyte Cell Line.

Although atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by cytokine production predominantly mediated by T helper (Th) 2 cells, AD pathogenesis also involves innate immune and Th1 cells. To optimize the cytokine milieu required for accurate reproduction of AD-related gene expression profile in vitro, we evaluated the expression pattern of CCL22, CCL17, IL5, IL13, IL33, IL25, TSLP, FLG, and LOR in human lesional AD skin and cytokine-stimulated HaCaT cells. An increase in Th2 mediators (IL5, IL13, CCL22, CCL17, IL25, IL33, and TSLP) and a decrease in genes related to cornified cell envelope (filaggrin and loricrin) were observed in human AD lesions. Innate (tumor necrosis factor-α) and/or Th1/Th2 adaptive cytokines (interferon-γ/IL-4) were required for inducing these inflammatory changes in HaCaT cells, implying that a complex network of innate, Th1, and Th2 cytokines drives AD-like changes. Therefore, stimulation with various combinations of cytokines, beyond Th2 polarization, is necessary when HaCaT cell line is used to study genetic changes implicated in AD pathogenesis.

Sulfitobacter aestuarii sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea.

A novel bacterial strain, designated hydD52T, was isolated from a sample of tidal flat sediment of the Yellow Sea in the Republic of Korea. The cells were motile, rod-shaped and Gram-stain-negative. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain hydD52T was a member of the genus Sulfitobacter and most closely related to Sulfitobacter dubius DSM 16472T (98.0 %), Sulfitobacter indolifex HEL-45T (97.8 %) and Sulfitobacter delicatus DSM 28223T (97.6 %). The major fatty acids (>5 %) of hydD52T were C18 : 1ω7c/C18 : 1ω6c, C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c 11-methyl and C19 : 0ω8c. The respiratory quinone of strain hydD52T was ubiquinone-10. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified amino lipid. The G+C content of this strain was 64.0 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness values of hydD52T with the type strains of S. dubius, S. indolifex and S. delicatus were 18.8, 13.1 and 15.7 %, respectively. Based on the results of morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic characterization, DNA-DNA hybridization relatedness, and 16S rRNA genes analysis, we concluded that strain hydD52T represents a novel species, for which the name Sulfitobacter aestuarii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is hydD52T (=KCTC 32982T=TISTR 2562T).

Modulation of Pacemaker Potentials in Murine Small Intestinal Interstitial Cells of Cajal by Gamisoyo-San, a Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine.

BACKGROUND: The Gamisoyo-san (GSS) has been used for -improving the gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of GSS, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, on the pacemaker potentials of mouse small intestinal interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs). METHODS: ICCs from the small intestines were dissociated and cultured. Whole-cell patch-clamp configuration was used to record pacemaker potentials and membrane currents. RESULTS: GSS depolarized ICC pacemaker potentials in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with 4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium iodide completely inhibited GSS-induced pacemaker potential depolarizations. Intracellular GDP-ß-S inhibited GSS-induced effects, and in the presence of U-73122, GSS-induced effects were inhibited. Also, GSS in the presence of a Ca2+-free solution or thapsigargin did not depolarize pacemaker potentials. However, in the presence of calphostin C, GSS slightly depolarized pacemaker potentials. Furthermore, GSS inhibited both transient receptor potential melastatin7 and Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (anoctamin1) currents. CONCLUSION: GSS depolarized pacemaker potentials of ICCs via G protein and muscarinic M3 receptor signaling pathways and through internal or external Ca2+-, phospholipase C-, and protein kinase C-dependent and transient receptor potential melastatin 7-, and anoctamin 1-independent pathways. The study shows that GSS may regulate GI tract motility, suggesting that GSS could be a basis for developing novel prokinetic agents for treating GI motility dysfunctions.

Fucoxanthin, the constituent of Laminaria japonica, triggers AMPK-mediated cytoprotection and autophagy in hepatocytes under oxidative stress.

BACKGROUND: Laminaria japonica has frequently been used as a food supplement and drug in traditional oriental medicine. Among the major active constituents responsible for the bioactivities of L. japonica, fucoxanthin (FX) has been considered as a potential antioxidant. This study was conducted to examine the effects of L. japonica extract (LJE) or FX against oxidative stress on hepatocytes and to elucidate the overall their cellular mechanisms of the effects. METHODS: We constructed an in vitro model with the treatment of arachidonic acid (AA) + iron in HepG2 cells to stimulate the oxidative damage. The cells were pre-treated with LJE or FX for 1 h, and incubated with AA + iron. The effect on oxidative damage and cellular mechanisms of LJE or FX were assessed by cytological examination and several biochemical assays under conditions with or without kinase inhibitiors. RESULTS: LJE or FX pretreatment effectively blocked the pathological changes caused by AA + iron treatment, such as cell death, altered expression of apoptosis-related proteins such as procaspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and mitochondria dysfunction. Moreover, FX induced AMPK activation and AMPK inhibitor, compound C, partially reduced the protective effect of FX on mitochondria dysfunction. Consistent with AMPK activation, FX increased the protein levels of autophagic markers (LC3II and beclin-1) and the number of acridine orange stained cells, and decreased the phosphorylation of mTOR and simultaneously increased the phosphorylation of ULK1. And the inhibition of autophagy by 3-methylanine or bafilomycin A1 partially inhibited the protective effect of FX on mitochondria dysfunction. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that FX have the function of being a hepatic protectant against oxidative damages through the AMPK pathway for the control of autophagy.

Epimedium koreanum Ameliorates Oxidative Stress-Mediated Liver Injury by Activating Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2.

Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species is the main cause of various liver diseases. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effect of Epimedium koreanum Nakai water extract (EKE) against arachidonic acid (AA)[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]iron-mediated cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4-)-mediated acute liver injury in mice. Pretreatment with EKE (30 and 100[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/mL) significantly inhibited AA[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]iron-mediated cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells by preventing changes in the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. EKE attenuated hydrogen peroxide production, glutathione depletion, and mitochondrial membrane dysfunction. EKE also increased the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), transactivated anti-oxidant response element harboring luciferase activity, and induced the expression of anti-oxidant genes. Furthermore, the cytoprotective effect of EKE against AA[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]iron was blocked in Nrf2 knockout cells. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that EKE contained icariin, icaritin, and quercetin; icaritin and quercetin were both found to protect HepG2 cells from AA[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]iron via Nrf2 activation. In a CCl4-induced mouse model of liver injury, pretreatment with EKE (300[Formula: see text]mg/kg) for four consecutive days ameliorated CCl4-mediated increases in serum aspartate aminotransferase activity, histological activity index, hepatic parenchyma degeneration, and inflammatory cell infiltration. EKE also decreased the number of nitrotyrosine-, 4-hydroxynonenal-, cleaved caspase-3-, and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-positive cells in hepatic tissues. These results suggest EKE is a promising candidate for the prevention or treatment of oxidative stress-related liver diseases via Nrf2 activation.

The physico-chemical alteration of lovastatin and enhanced antioxidant effect of Bacillus subtilis fermented-red yeast rice product.

Red yeast rice product (RYP) has been used as a food supplement because of its lipid lowering, and in food additives as a natural colorant. Lovastatin of RYP is a hypolipidemic commercial drug. To enhance the beneficial effects of RYP, we performed a bioconversion with Bacillus subtilis. This B. subtilis-fermentation process of RYP increased the ratio of the active open-hydroxyl acid form and the prodrug lactone form of lovastatin, which is a potent cholesterol synthesis inhibitor. 3(2H)-benzofuranone was newly produced in the fermented red yeast rice product (FRYP) as analyzed by GC-MS. FRYP increased the free radical scavenging activity compared with RYP. FRYP blocked xanthine oxidase (XO)-induced oxidative cytotoxicity and inhibited the H2O2-induced intracellular ROS in cells. This is the first study to illustrate that B. subtilis-fermented FRYP is useful for facilitating the alteration in the physico-chemical property of lovastatin and enhancing antioxidant activity, which may have greater pharmacological activity.

Demodex Mite Density Determinations by Standardized Skin Surface Biopsy and Direct Microscopic Examination and Their Relations with Clinical Types and Distribution Patterns.

BACKGROUND: Demodicosis is a parasitic skin disease caused by Demodex mites, and the determination of mite density per square centimeter is important to diagnose demodicosis. Standardized skin surface biopsy (SSSB) and direct microscopic examination (DME) are commonly used to determine Demodex mites density (Dd). However, no study has previously compared these two methods with respect to clinical types and distribution patterns of demodicosis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the value of SSSB and DME findings in reference to the clinical types and distribution patterns of demodicosis. METHODS: The medical records of 35 patients diagnosed with demodicosis between December 2011 and June 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Demodicosis was classified according to four clinical types (pityriasis folliculorum, rosacea type, acne type, and perioral type) and three distribution patterns (diffuse pattern, U-zone pattern, and T-zone pattern). Two samples, one for SSSB and one for DME, were obtained from a lesion of each patient. RESULTS: In all patients, mean Dd and the proportion with a high Dd (>5D/cm2) by DME (14.5±3.3, 80.0%, respectively) were higher than by SSSB (5.5±1.3, 37.1%, respectively; p<0.01, p=0.02, respectively). In terms of clinical types, for rosacea type, mean Dd and proportion with a high Dd by DME (12.4±3.5, 84.6%, respectively) were significantly greater than those determined by SSSB (3.6±1.2, 23.1%; p=0.04, p=0.04, respectively). In terms of distribution pattern, for the diffuse pattern, mean Dd and the proportion with a high Dd by DME (17.5±3.7, 100%, respectively) were significantly higher than those determined by SSSB (6.0±2.7, 26.7%; p<0.01, p<0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: The results of our study revealed that DME is a more sensitive method for detecting Demodex than SSSB, especially in patients with diffuse pattern and suspected rosacea type. Further research is needed to confirm this finding.

Cheongsangbangpung-tang ameliorated the acute inflammatory response via the inhibition of NF-κB activation and MAPK phosphorylation.

BACKGROUND: Cheongsangbangpung-tang (CBT) is a traditional herbal formula used in Eastern Asia to treat heat-related diseases and swellings in the skin. The present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of cheongsangbangpung-tang extract (CBTE) both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: The in vitro effects of CBTE on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of inflammation-related proteins were examined in RAW 264.7 cells. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) were measured with the Griess reagent. Inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were detected using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Inflammation-related proteins were detected by Western blot. The effect of CBTE on acute inflammation in vivo was evaluated using carrageenan (CA)-induced paw oedema. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect, paw oedema volume, thickness of the dorsum and ventrum pedis skin, number of infiltrated inflammatory cells, and number of COX-2-, iNOS-immunoreactive cells were measured. RESULTS: In an in vitro study, CBTE inhibited the production of NO and PGE2 and also decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6 and tumuor necrosis factor-α. In LPS-activated macrophages, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling is a pivotal pathway in the inflammatory process. These plausible molecular mechanisms increased the phosphorylation of I-κBα, while the activation of NF-κB and the phosphorylation of MAPK by LPS were blocked by CBTE treatment. In our in vivo study, a CA-induced acute oedematous paw inflammation rat model was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of CBTE. CBTE significantly reduced the increases in paw swelling, skin thicknesses, infiltrated inflammatory cells and iNOS-, COX-2 positive cells induced by CA injection. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, CBTE should favourably inhibit the acute inflammatory response through modulation of NF-κB activation and MAPK phosphorylation. Furthermore, the inhibition of CBTE in rat paw oedema induced by CA is considered to be clear evidence that CBTE may be a useful source to treat inflammation.

Liqustri lucidi Fructus inhibits hepatic injury and functions as an antioxidant by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in vivo and in vitro.

Medicinal herbs are used to treat or prevent various diseases, and function to regulate protective mechanisms as nutraceuticals. Fructus Ligustri lucidi is the fruit of Ligustrum lucidum and has been used for its tonic effects on the liver. This study was designed to examine the effects of Fructus Ligustri lucidi water extract (FLL) against severe oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment in vivo and in vitro and to elucidate its cellular mechanisms of action. Treatment of HepG2 cells with arachidonic acid (AA) + iron successfully induced oxidative stress and apoptosis, as indicated by depletion of glutathione, formation of ROS, decreses in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), and altered expression of apoptosis-related proteins, such as procaspase-3 and Bcl-xL. FLL treatment significantly blocked these pathological changes and the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by AA + iron, which were similar with the effect of aminoimidazole-carboxamide-ß-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR). Moreover, FLL induced the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which was mediated by its upstream kinase LKB1. Inhibition or activation of AMPK revealed the role of AMPK in cellular protection conferred by FLL in LKB1-deficient cells. In mice, oral administration of 100 mg/kg FLL activated AMPK in the liver, and protected against oxidative stress and liver injury induced by CCl4 injection. Among the components of FLL, chlorogenic acid was found to be responsible for the protection of hepatocytes against AA + iron-induced cellular damage. Overall, our results confirmed that FLL has the ability to protect hepatocytes against oxidative injury through regulation of the AMPK signaling pathway.

Defective natural killer cell activity in a mouse model of eczema herpeticum.

BACKGROUND: Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) are susceptible to several viruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV). Some patients experience 1 or more episodes of a severe skin infection caused by HSV termed eczema herpeticum (EH). There are numerous mouse models of AD, but no established model exists for EH. OBJECTIVE: We sought to establish and characterize a mouse model of EH. METHODS: We infected AD-like skin lesions with HSV1 to induce severe skin lesions in a dermatitis-prone mouse strain of NC/Nga. Gene expression was investigated by using a microarray and quantitative PCR; antibody titers were measured by means of ELISA; and natural killer (NK) cell, cytotoxic T-cell, regulatory T-cell, and follicular helper T-cell populations were evaluated by using flow cytometry. The role of NK cells in HSV1-induced development of severe skin lesions was examined by means of depletion and adoptive transfer. RESULTS: Inoculation of HSV1 induced severe erosive skin lesions in eczematous mice, which had an impaired skin barrier, but milder lesions in small numbers of normal mice. Eczematous mice exhibited lower NK cell activity but similar cytotoxic T-cell activity and humoral immune responses compared with normal mice. The role of NK cells in controlling HSV1-induced skin lesions was demonstrated by experiments depleting or transferring NK cells. CONCLUSION: A murine model of EH with an impaired skin barrier was established in this study. We demonstrated a critical role of defective NK activities in the development of HSV1-induced severe skin lesions in eczematous mice.