Impact of a Service-Learning Program Using Soccer Training on the Emotional and Behavioral Problems of Children with Developmental Disabilities.

Children with developmental disabilities may develop emotional and behavioral problems that arise from difficulties in social interaction, and therefore, a process of providing and testing intervention activities for emotional and behavioral issues in the early stages of development is required. This study evaluated the effects of a 12-week service-learning exercise program on children with developmental disabilities, contrasting it with a control group not engaged in specific physical activities. The participants included 18 children with developmental disabilities who participated in the service-learning exercise program (SLG) and 18 children with developmental disabilities (Non-SLG) who did not participate. The Korean Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 was used to evaluate children's emotional and behavioral problems. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to verify the interaction effect between the group and period according to program participation. The results showed the positive internalization of problem behaviors in the emotional domain (F = 4.291, p = 0.011), attention deficit/hyperactivity (F = 4.761, p = 0.012), and personal adjustment (F = 4.116, p = 0.023) in the SLG group. These results suggest that participation in a service-learning exercise program positively affected emotional and behavioral problems in children with developmental disabilities. This could provide a basis for future research on service-learning exercise programs for children with developmental disabilities.

Effects of Peroneus Brevis versus Peroneus Longus Muscle Training on Muscle Function in Chronic Ankle Instability: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a common injury that can occur in daily life or sporting events. Injuries to the anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, and calcaneofibular ligaments are common, and the core of rehabilitation training involves strengthening the peroneus muscle. Many studies on rehabilitation training have focused on strengthening the peroneus brevis muscle, and few studies have focused on specific training to strengthen the peroneus longus muscle. Therefore, this study aims to investigate changes in the symptoms and functions of patients by applying training to strengthen the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis muscles. Home-based training and mobile monitoring were utilized for 12 weeks, divided into peroneus brevis training (PBT) and peroneus longus training (PLT), in 52 adult males with CAI. Participation was voluntary, with enrollment done through a bulletin board, and intervention training allocation was randomly assigned and conducted in a double-blind manner. This study was registered as a trial protocol (KCT 0008478). Foot and ankle outcome scores (FAOS), isokinetic ankle strength tests, and Y-balance tests were performed before and after the intervention. Both PLT and PBT significantly improved in FAOS, inversion, and eversion at angular velocities of 30°/s and 120°/s and in the anterior and posterolateral directions of the Y-balance test (p < 0.05). Interaction effects by time and group were not significant for the FAOS (p > 0.05). However, PLT improved eversion muscle strength and muscle power to a greater degree, compared with PBT, in the anterior and posterolateral directions of the Y-balance test (p < 0.05). In conclusion, both PLT and PBT were effective for CAI patients; in addition, PLT had greater potential for improving strength and balance.

Investigating the Improvement of Autonomous Vehicle Performance through the Integration of Multi-Sensor Dynamic Mapping Techniques.

The emergence of autonomous vehicles marks a shift in mobility. Conventional vehicles have been designed to prioritize the safety of drivers and passengers and increase fuel efficiency, while autonomous vehicles are developing as convergence technologies with a focus on more than just transportation. With the potential for autonomous vehicles to serve as an office or leisure space, the accuracy and stability of their driving technology is of utmost importance. However, commercializing autonomous vehicles has been challenging due to the limitations of current technology. This paper proposes a method to build a precision map for multi-sensor-based autonomous driving to improve the accuracy and stability of autonomous vehicle technology. The proposed method leverages dynamic high-definition maps to enhance the recognition rates and autonomous driving path recognition of objects in the vicinity of the vehicle, utilizing multiple sensors such as cameras, LIDAR, and RADAR. The goal is to improve the accuracy and stability of autonomous driving technology.

Multi-Sensor-Based Blind-Spot Reduction Technology and a Data-Logging Method Using a Gesture Recognition Algorithm Based on Micro E-Mobility in an IoT Environment.

Autonomous driving is evolving through the convergence of object recognition using multiple sensors in the fourth industrial revolution. In this paper, we propose a system that utilizes data logging to control the functions of micro e-mobility vehicles (MEVs) and to build a database for autonomous driving with a gesture recognition algorithm for use in an IoT environment. The proposed system uses multiple sensors installed in an MEV to log driving data as the vehicle operates and to recognize objects surrounding the MEV to remove blind spots. In addition, the proposed system is capable of multi-sensor control and data logging for the MEV based on a gesture recognition algorithm, and it can provide safety information to allow the system to address blind spots or unexpected situations by recognizing the appearances or gestures of pedestrians around the MEV. The proposed system can be applied and extended in various fields, such as 5G communication, autonomous driving, and AI, which are the core technologies of the fourth industrial revolution.

Low Grip Strength and Muscle Mass Increase the Prevalence of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis in Elderly Women.

The risk of developing low muscle strength and muscle mass is affected by aging, osteopenia, and osteoporosis and increases with age. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and cutoff values for osteoporosis and osteopenia according to the level of grip strength and muscle mass associated with sarcopenia. A cross-sectional study was conducted, and data from 734 women aged from 60 to 79 years old who visited the healthcare center from 2016 to 2019 were analyzed. Bone mineral density was measured on the lumbar spine from 1-4 using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Osteopenia and osteoporosis were classified on the basis of a T-score ranging from -1.0 to -2.4 and under -2.5, respectively. The diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia were a grip strength of <18 kg and muscle mass of <5.7 kg/m2 according to the Asian Working Group of Sarcopenia. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the odds ratio, and the receiver operating characteristic curve was applied for the cutoff values. There were 351 (47.8%) patients with osteopenia and 152 (20.7%) patients with osteoporosis. The prevalence of osteopenia increased 1.593 times in the lowest grip strength group and 1.810 times in the lowest muscle mass group (p < 0.05). For osteoporosis, the lowest grip strength increased 2.512 times and the lowest muscle mass increased 2.875 times, compared to the highest grip strength group. In the sarcopenia group, osteopenia increased 2.451 times and osteoporosis increased 3.137 times, compared to the non-sarcopenia group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia was increased in elderly women with low grip strength and muscle mass.

Correlation between Motor Coordination Skills and Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties in Children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder.

The purpose of this study was to compare whole factors of emotional and behavioral problems between children with and without developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and investigate the interrelationship between motor coordination skills and emotional and behavioral problems among the children. As a result of screening participants (288 children) based on DSM-5 standard, participants were classified as DCD and typically developing (TD) groups. A total of 60 children (mean age: 8.8 years ± 3.5 months; DCD group n = 30, TD group n = 30) were assessed using the Korean Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition for emotional and behavioral problems. Children with DCD showed significantly poor scores in internalizing problems (p = 0.009), inattention/hyperactivity (p = 0.004), and emotional symptoms index (p = 0.001) among the criteria of emotional problems and in personal adjustment (p = 0.000) among the criteria of behavioral problems. The MABC-2 composite percentile score of participants showed a significant correlation with internalizing problem behavior (r = -0.382, p = 0.003), inattention / hyperactivity disorder (r = -0.409, p = 0.001), emotional symptoms index (r = -0.483, p = 0.000), and personal adjustment (r = 0.474, p < 0.01). Our results validated that children with DCD have more emotional and behavioral difficulties than TD children. Our results revealed that the motor coordination skills have correlated with emotional and behavioral difficulties among children.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome According to Causes of Physical Activity Limitation.

PURPOSE: One cause of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is inactivity. This study analyzed the prevalence of MetS due to causes of activity limitation (AL) in adults over 40 years old. PATICIPANTS AND METHODS: Participants included 2885 people aged 40-79 (1198 men and 1687 women) who completed the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES) conducted between 2013 and 2017. They were divided into two groups based on age: the middle age group (MA) included 1148 total participants, 515 men and 633 women from 40-59 years old; the older age group (OA) included 1737 total participants, 683 men and 1054 women from 60-79 years old. MetS was diagnosed according to the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program and the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (NCEP-ATP III). Logistic regression was conducted to calculate the odds ratio for MetS prevalence. RESULTS: The prevalence of MetS in people with AL increased 1.432-fold in the MA men group, 1.511-fold in the OA men group, 1.546-fold in the MA women group, and 1.565-fold in the OA women group. There were several causes of AL; people with physical activity for diabetes mellitus and hypertension increased MetS prevalence in both sexes and all age groups: MA men group (OR=3.216, 95% CI=1.852-7.354, P=0.034), MA women group (OR=2.159, 95% CI=1.854-5.346, P=0.032), OA men group (OR=3.200, 95% CI=1.235-7.841, P=0.009), and OA women group (OR=3.444, 95% CI=1.310-6.627, P=0.008). Also, mental problems in the MA men group (OR=2.284, 95% CI=1.591-4.986, P=0.012) and OA men group (OR=1.149, 95% CI=1.017-2.941, P=0.012), and musculoskeletal problems in the MA women group (OR=1.784, 95% CI=1.102-2.902, P=0.021) and OA women group (OR=1.459, 95% CI=1.054-1.993, P=0.004) increased the prevalence. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of MetS due to activity limitation was increased in MA and OA groups. Activity limitation increased the MetS prevalence from 1.4- to 1.5-times, Therefore, to prevent metabolic syndrome, physical activity should be increased, and guidelines should be presented according to the activity limitation causes, age, and sex.

Colorectal Polyp Prevalence According to Alcohol Consumption, Smoking and Obesity.

This study aimed to analyze colorectal polyp prevalence associated with health behavior. Data from 1180 Korean men (young adult (YA), aged 40-49; middle age (MA) aged 50-59; old aged (OA), aged 60-79 years) were collected. Health behavior included alcohol consumption, smoking status, and obesity. Obesity was determined using body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Odds ratio (OR) was calculated by logistic regression. The prevalence of polyps increased for current smokers by 2.642 times in the YA group, 3.468 times in the MA group, and 3.104 times in the OA group compared to the never-smokers. The OR for WC increased in subjects with obesity by 1.514 in the MA and 1.451 in the OA group compared to normal. The prevalence of three or more polyps increased with WC obesity by 2.3 times in YA, 2.2 times in MA, and 1.9 times in OA compared to normal WC. Therefore, smoking cessation and obesity management may reduce the risk of colorectal polyps.

A comparison of using the DSM-5 and MABC-2 for estimating the developmental coordination disorder prevalence in Korean children.

BACKGROUND: Previous literature has shown inconsistency in the prevalence of developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (MABC-2) is often used for DCD prevalence studies, although the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) recommends four criteria. AIMS: The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of DCD in Korean children using the DSM-5 and MABC-2. METHODS: A total of 548 Korean elementary school students (mean age: 8.5 years ± 4.5 months) completed this study procedure. All four criteria defined by the DSM-5 were used to classify children with DCD. MABC-2 test scores were used to classify students into four subgroups: high-risk DCD, mild-risk DCD, probable DCD and typical development. RESULTS: Cohen's kappa revealed that the estimates of DCD prevalence were not significantly different between MABC-2 and DSM-5. When DSM-5 criteria were applied, 60 children out of 548 were classified as probable DCD (10.94%) compared to 70 children with probable DCD (12.77%) when MABC-2 was used. CONCLUSIONS: DCD prevalence based on DSM-5 is not significantly different from MABC-2, though it tends to estimate less than MABC-2. Future studies should consider our findings when selecting an assessment tool.

Differences in the Levels of Physical Activity, Mental Health, and Quality of Life of Elderly Koreans with Activity-Limiting Disabilities.

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the differences in physical activity, mental health, and quality of life between the elderly without activity-limiting disabilities and in elderly with activity-limiting disabilities, stratified by medical category. Methods: A total of 1504 elders aged 65-80 who responded to the 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were the participants in this study. They were divided into two groups, 303 elders with disabilities who responded to the survey saying they have active limiting disabilities, and 1201 elders without disabilities. The questionnaire reflected the criteria of a survey developed by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) to measure the physical activity of elders. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) were used to measure participants' mental health and quality of life, respectively. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for age, sex, marital status, notional basic livelihood, recipient status, and personal income was conducted for data analysis after the normal distribution was confirmed. Results: Significant differences between elders with disabilities and those without disabilities were seen in terms of physical activity levels (p < 0.01), stress, and depression (p < 0.001), and in all five domains measuring the quality of life (p < 0.05). The ANCOVA revealed significant differences in motor ability (p < 0.01) and pain/discomfort (p < 0.05) relating to the quality of life among the elders with activity-limiting disability depending on the medical category. Conclusions: The results could provide basic data regarding the degree of physical activity, mental health, and quality of life according to activity-limitation disability status and medical category. From the findings, elders with disabilities are clearly more exposed to risk in the areas of physical activity, mental health, and quality of life. Differences in quality of life among elderly with disabilities were also seen based on medical category. Our findings suggest that research into elders with disabilities should consider the implications of these results.

Relationships of physical fitness and obesity with metabolic risk factors in children and adolescents: Chungju city cohort study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships of physical fitness and obesity with metabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. METHODS: This cohort study was conducted in Chungju city, South Korea. Total 843 subjects were enrolled, including 193 elementary school 4th grade male (E4M), 189 elementary school 4th grade female (E4F) and 461 male-middle school students (M1M). The subjects were also classified into 2 groups by body mass index; normal weight (NW) group and overweight included obesity (OW/OB) group. Physical fitness was measured by shuttle run (cardiorespiratory fitness, CRF), sit and reach (flexibility), handgrip strength (muscular strength) and stand long jump (agility). RESULTS: The prevalence of OW/OB was respectively 33.7% (65 of 193) among E4M, 28.6% (54 of 189) among E4F, and 28.0% (129 of 461) among M1M. Hematocrit, white blood cell, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were higher, while high-density lipoprotein were lower in the OW/OB group than in the NW group. The OW/OB group presented significantly lower CRF (P<0.01) and lower agility, but higher muscular strength compared with NW group. CRF was negatively correlated with obesity indices and metabolic risk factors. After adjustments for potential confounders, odds ratios for 4th-5th grade CRF of OW/OB compared NW in the E4M, E4F, M1M, were 7.38 (95 % CI, 3.24-16.83), 4.10 (95% CI, 1.83-9.18), 16.06 (95% CI, 8.23-31.00) (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Our study has shown that CRF has negative correlation with OW/OB in children and adolescents of Chungju city. We suggest that improvement of CRF through regular physical activity would be an important method for reducing the metabolic risks of childhood obesity.

Aerobic exercise training-induced decrease in plasma visfatin and insulin resistance in obese female adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to assess differences in the levels of plasma visfatin among female adolescents and changes in plasma visfatin and insulin resistance in obese female adolescents after 12 wk of aerobic exercise training. Twenty normal-weight female students (body-mass index [BMI] < 22.9 kg/m² and body fat ≤ 29.9) and 18 obese female students (BMI ≥ 25 kg/ m² and body fat ≥ 30%) participated in this study. Eleven obese students were assigned to an exercise group and completed a 12-wk aerobic exercise-training program that included four 40- to 50-min sessions per wk with an energy expenditure of 300-400 kcal/d. Seven obese students were assigned to a control group that received no exercise sessions or dietary restriction. The plasma visfatin levels of obese female adolescents were significantly higher (p < .05) than those of the normal-weight female adolescents. The plasma visfatin levels (294.00 ± 124.74 ng/ml to 185.55 ± 67.30 ng/ml, p < .01) and insulin resistance (p < .05) were significantly reduced after 12 wk of aerobic exercise. The results suggest that aerobic exercise resulting in an energy expenditure of 1,200-1,600 kcal/wk for 12 wk decreases plasma visfatin and insulin resistance in obese female adolescents.