ABSTRACT
The methanolic extract of the roots of Rubia akane (Rubiaceae) was found to show inhibitory activity on phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3). Bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanolic extract resulted in the isolation of two anthraquinone compounds, 2-methyl-1,3,6-trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone-3-O-(6'-O-acetyl)-α-rhamnosyl(1â2)-ß-glucoside and 2-methyl-1,3,6-trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone, as inhibitors on PRL-3. These compounds inhibited PRL-3 in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 5.2 and 1.3 µg/mL, respectively.
Subject(s)
Anthraquinones/isolation & purification , Anthraquinones/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Glucosides/isolation & purification , Glucosides/pharmacology , Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors , Rubia/chemistry , Anthraquinones/analysis , Anthraquinones/metabolism , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/isolation & purification , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Glucosides/analysis , Glucosides/metabolism , Humans , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Plant Roots/chemistry , Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolismABSTRACT
The principal objective of this study was to explore protein conformational changes using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology. Maltose binding protein (MBP) was adopted as a target model, due to its well-characterized structure and ligand specificity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to provide information regarding the biological distance between the two lobes of MBP upon maltose binding. For the FRET pair, ECFP and EYFP were used as the donor and the acceptor, and were linked genetically to the C-terminal and N-terminal regions of MBP (ECFP:MBP:EYFP), respectively. After the FRET reaction, maltose-treated MBP was shown to exhibit a considerable energy transfer (FRET efficiency (E)= approximately 0.11, Distance (D)= approximately 6.93 nm) at the ensemble level, which was regarded as reflective of the increase in donor quenching and the upshift in acceptor emission intensity, thereby suggesting that the donor and the acceptor had been brought close together as the result of structural alterations in MBP. However, upon glucose treatment, no FRET phenomenon was detected, thereby implying the specificity of interaction between MBP and maltose. The in vitro FRET results were also confirmed via the acceptor photobleaching method. Therefore, our data showed that maltose-stimulated conformational changes of MBP could be measured by FRET, thereby providing biological information, including the FRET efficiency and the intramolecular distance.
