Genetic Authentication of the Medicinal Plant Portulaca oleracea Using a Quick, Precise, and Sensitive Isothermal DNA Amplification Assay.

Portulaca oleracea (PO) is a commonly known medicinal crop that is an important ingredient for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) due to its use as a vegetable in the diet. PO has been recorded to be frequently adulterated by other related species in the market of herbal plants, distorting the PO plant identity. Thus, identification of the botanical origin of PO is a crucial step before pharmaceutical or functional food application. In this research, a quick assay named "loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)" was built for the specific and sensitive authentication of PO DNA. On the basis of the divergences in the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequence between PO and its adulterant species, the LAMP primers were designed and verified their specificity, sensitivity, and application for the PO DNA authentication. The detection limit of the LAMP assay for PO DNA identification specifically was 100 fg under isothermal conditions at 63 °C for 30 min. In addition, different heat-processed PO samples can be applied for use in PO authentication in the LAMP assay. These samples of PO were more susceptible to the effect of steaming in authentication by PCR than boiling and drying treatment. Furthermore, commercial PO samples pursued from herbal markets were used to display their applicability of the developed LAMP analysis for PO postharvest authentication, and the investigation found that approximately 68.4% of PO specimens in the marketplace of herbal remedies were adulterated. In summary, the specific, sensitive, and rapid LAMP assay for PO authentication was first successfully developed herein, and its practical application for the inspection of adulteration in PO samples from the herbal market was shown. This LAMP assay created in this study will be useful to authenticate the botanical origin of PO and its commercial products.

Authentication of olive oil in commercial products using specific, sensitive, and rapid loop-mediated isothermal amplification.

Olive oil is an important and popularly used plant oil in the daily diet or chemical industry. Due to its biological benefits on human health and higher selling prices, adulteration of olive oil for commercial fraud by other plant oils is becoming a serious issue. In this study, a specific, sensitive and rapid loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was first developed for the detection of Olea europaea DNA for olive oil authentication. The oleosin gene was used for the primer design of the LAMP assay. After primer validation, the results showed that the LAMP primers were specific and rapid to isothermally authenticate the oleosin gene of Olea europaea within 1 h at 62 °C and had no cross-reaction with other DNA of plant oils. The sensitivity of LAMP was 1 ng of genomic DNA in olive oil, and only 1% olive oil in the sample was requisite during DNA amplification. Additionally, positive detection by LAMP in all the collected commercial olive oil products was practically performed but not in PCR assays. In conclusion, herein, the established LAMP assay with specificity could not only be capable for rapid identification but also applicable for olive oil authentication for precluding adulteration in plant oil products. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05726-y.

Development of a specific and sensitive diagnostic PCR for rapid molecular authentication of the medicinal plant Portulaca oleracea.

Adulteration by Bacopa monnieri (BM) in Portulaca oleracea (PO) plants frequently occurs; it decreases the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and leads to fraud in the herbal marketplace. In this study, a diagnostic PCR assay was established for the rapid authentication of PO and BM in the herbal market. The sequence divergences in internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) between PO and its adulterant species were used to design diagnostic PCR primers. The specific designed primer sets were evaluated and show that the diagnostic PCR assay can be used to verify the authenticity of PO and BM. The detection limits of the primer set for PO and BM identification were 10 pg and 1 pg, respectively. The reactivity of diagnostic PCR was 0.1% PO genomic DNA and 0.01% BM genomic DNA in the test sample during DNA amplification. In addition, multiplex PCR (mPCR) for PO and BM identification was also established. The samples were more susceptible to the effect of steaming in authentication by singleplex PCR and mPCR than boiling and drying treatment. Furthermore, commercial samples from the market were used to demonstrate the applicability of the developed diagnostic PCR for PO authentication and diagnose BM adulteration, and the investigation found that approximately 72.2% (13/18) of PO plants in the herbal market were adulterated. In conclusion, the diagnostic PCR assay was successfully developed and its specificity, sensitivity and reactivity for PO and BM authentication were proven. These developed PCR-based molecular methods can be applied as an identification tool for PO authenticity and can be practically applied for inspection of BM adulteration in the herbal market in the future.

Rapid discrimination of the native medicinal plant Adenostemma lavenia from its adulterants using PCR-RFLP.

Background: In Taiwan, the aerial part of Adenostemma lavenia (Al) is used in the form of herbal tea or in a folk remedy primarily to mitigate inflammatory conditions in the lungs and liver. Due to the excellent health benefits of Al against inflammation, it has become increasingly crucial and in great demand during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, Al has been found to be adulterated with Wedelia biflora, Sigesbeckia orientalis, and/or Wedelia chinensis because of similarities in appearance and vernacular names. Methods: This study aimed to develop a PCR-RFLP DNA molecular method for the authentication of Al. The restriction enzyme BsrI was used according to the sequencing and alignment results of PCR products in the ITS2 regions of Al and its adulterants. Gel electrophoresis resulted in the clear separation of Al and its adulterants into two distinct categories. Results: In conclusion, the PCR-RFLP authentication method developed herein provides an easy, rapid, and accurate method to distinguish Al from its adulterants to assure user health and safety.

5-Azacytidine increases tanshinone production in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots through epigenetic modulation.

Recent studies have indicated strong connections between epigenetic modulation and secondary metabolites in plants. It is vital to understand the roles of epigenetics in the production of secondary metabolites. In this study, the inhibitor of DNA methylation 5-azacytidine (5-Az) was used on the hairy roots of the medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza to investigate its effect on secondary metabolite production, gene expression, methylation levels in genomic DNA and promoter regions. Our results showed that the contents of tanshinones in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots increased by 1.5-5 times, and some genes in the biosynthesis pathway showed an upward trend. According to our NGS analysis, the methylation pattern in the promotor of the gene encoding copalyl diphosphate synthase (CPS) was altered, and 51 out of 145 cytosines were demethylated during 5-Az treatment. A total of 36 putative transcription factors (TFs) binding cites were identified in these demethylation sites. Among these TFs binding cites, cis-regulatory elements for the binding of NF-Y and MYB were frequently found in our results. This is the first report to demonstrate a possible mechanism of DNA methylation participating in tanshinone biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots by modulating the CPS promoter and TFs binding sites.

Pathological, Morphometric and Correlation Analysis of the Modified Mankin Score, Tidemark Roughness and Calcified Cartilage Thickness in Rat Knee Osteoarthritis after Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy.

The paper displayed the pathological changes and relationships of the modified Mankin score, tidemark roughness and calcified cartilage (CC) thickness by extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) (0.25 mJ/ mm2 with 800 impulses) on different positions of the medial and lateral rat knee OA joint. After the experiments, the articular cartilage was assessed using histomorphometry, image analysis and statistical method. In the micro-CT analysis, ESWT on medial groups were better than lateral groups in the trabecular volume and trabecular number. The data showed a strong negative correlation between the modified Mankin score and tidemark roughness (r = -0.941; P < 0.001). In terms of the relationship of tidemark roughness with CC thickness, the medial and Sham groups showed a significant negative correlation (r = -0.788, P = 0.022). Additionally, the Euclidean distance derived from 3D scatter plot analysis was an indicator of chondropathic conditions, exhibiting a strong correlation with OA stage in the articular cartilage of the femur (r = 0.911, P < 0.001) and tibia (r = 0.890, P < 0.001) after ESWT. Principle component analysis (PCA) further demonstrated that ESWT applied to medial locations had a better outcome than treatment at lateral locations for knee OA by comparing with Sham and OA groups, and CC thickness was the most important factor affecting hyaline cartilage repair after ESWT.

Discrimination of Four Cinnamomum Species with Physico-Functional Properties and Chemometric Techniques: Application of PCA and MDA Models.

Discrimination of highly valued and non-hepatotoxic Cinnamomum species (C. verum) from hepatotoxic (C. burmannii, C. loureiroi, and C. cassia) is essential for preventing food adulteration and safety problems. In this study, we developed a new method for the discrimination of four Cinnamomum species using physico-functional properties and chemometric techniques. The data were analyzed through principal component analysis (PCA) and multiclass discriminant analysis (MDA). The results showed that the cumulative variability of the first three principal components was 81.70%. The PCA score plot indicated a clear separation of the different Cinnamomum species. The training set was used to build the discriminant MDA model. The testing set was verified by this model. The prediction rate of 100% proved that the model was valid and reliable. Therefore, physico-functional properties coupled with chemometric techniques constitute a practical approach for discrimination of Cinnamomum species to prevent food fraud.

Specific, sensitive and rapid Curcuma longa turmeric powder authentication in commercial food using loop-mediated isothermal nucleic acid amplification.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a rhizomatous plant of the ginger family Zingiberaceae that is usually dried and ground into powder for use as a seasoning. Because turmeric has become increasingly popular in the functional food market, adulteration of C. longa by other turmeric species is becoming an increasingly significant problem. In this study, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was developed for the detection of C. longa DNA for turmeric authentication. ITS2-26S rDNA was used for the LAMP primer designation. The results demonstrated that the specific primers exhibited high specificity, authenticated C. longa DNA within 30 min at 65 °C isothermally and had no cross-reaction with other adulterants. LAMP was sensitive to 0.1 ng of turmeric C. longa DNA, and only 0.01% of C. longa turmeric powder in the sample was required for DNA amplification. The sensitivity of LAMP was 10-fold higher than that of PCR (0.1%) from a previous report. Moreover, all the collected commercial turmeric products were positively detected by LAMP and RtF-LAMP (real-time fluorescence LAMP). The developed LAMP assay not only had higher specificity and rapidity than that of other methods but could also be applied to authenticate turmeric to prevent adulteration in food products.

Three bufadienolides induce cell death in the human lung cancer cell line CL1-5 mainly through autophagy.

The effects of 3 bufadienolides, namely kalantuboside B, kalantuboside A, and bryotoxin C, isolated from Kalanchoe tubiflora (Harvey) were evaluated and characterized in CL1-5 highly metastatic human lung cancer cells. In contrast to their apoptosis-promoting activity in other cancer cells, these bufadienolides only slight or did not induce apoptosis in CL1-5 cancer cells. Instead, they activated an autophagy pathway, as indicated by increased autophagosome formation. Autophagy induced by these bufadienolides was demonstrated to be linked to the down-regulation of p-mTOR and the up-regulation of LC3-II, ATG5, ATG7, and Beclin-1. Our findings revealed an autophagy as the alternative mechanism of drug action by bufadienolides in CL1-5 lung cancer cells and provided evidence that bufadienolides are a potential therapeutic strategy for highly metastatic human lung cancer.

Shockwave Therapy Modulates the Expression of BMP2 for Prevention of Bone and Cartilage Loss in the Lower Limbs of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Rat Model.

Osteoporosis (OP) causes bone loss and weakness, increasing the risk of bone fracture. In this study, rats were divided into Sham, OP, SW(F) (0.25 mJ/mm2 with 1600 impulses to the left medial femur), and SW(T) (0.25 mJ/mm2 with 1600 impulses to the left medial tibia). The bone strength results following SW(T) were better than SW(F) in the modulus, extension at peak load, handleability, and strain at break. SW(T) had the best prevention for bone loss in both lower limbs of ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The cartilage cellular matrixes of both knees were improved in SW(T) and SW(F) compared to that of OP. Serum bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) in rats undergoing SW(T) or SW(F) was significantly improved compared to that in Sham and OP. The expressions of BMP2, BMP4, and SMAD family member 4 (Smad4) in addition to the Wnt family member 3A (Wnt3a) and Cyclin D1 signaling key factors were significantly induced in the cartilage of both knees by shockwave (SW). SW(T) presented the best efficacy to induce serum BMP2 to prevent bone loss from both lower limbs. Here, we display the protective effects of SW therapy to induce BMP2, BMP4, Smad4, Wnt3a, and Cyclin D1 signaling factors for cartilage loss in both knees of OVX rats.

Development of a specific isothermal nucleic acid amplification for the rapid and sensitive detection of shrimp allergens in processed food.

Food allergens that cause anaphylactic reactions have become an important health problem worldwide. Among them, shrimp is a popular seafood in many cuisines. The best way to avoid allergic reactions is to mitigate the intake of food allergens. In this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for the detection of shrimp DNA. Using LAMP primers, the identification of shrimp DNA by the LAMP assay was specific and rapid (within 30 min). It exhibited no cross-reaction with the DNA of other Crustacea, including crabs and lobster, and at least 0.01% shrimp DNA existed in the test sample. Additionally, the sensitivity of LAMP for detecting shrimp DNA was 100-fold greater than that of conventional PCR. LAMP for the detection of shrimp DNA was reproducible regardless of whether the genomic DNA was extracted from boiled, steamed or roasted shrimp samples. In summary, the LAMP assay established herein not only could be potentially used for diagnosing shrimp DNA but could also be applicable for identifying shrimp allergens in commercial food products in marketplaces.

Specific, sensitive and rapid authentication of donkey-hide gelatine (Colla corii asini) in processed food using an isothermal nucleic acid amplification assay.

Donkey-hide gelatine (DHG) is a well-known, animal-derived traditional Chinese medicine material called Colla corii asini (known in Chinese as "E'jiao"). Because DHG is claimed to have properties that are beneficial to health, its consumption has increased, but its production has decreased. Thus, the incidence of DHG adulteration has become increasingly serious. In this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for the authentication of DHG. Identification of donkey DNA from DHG was performed specifically and rapidly within one hour by LAMP primers. Moreover, the sensitivity of LAMP in authenticating DHG was 10-3 ng, which revealed a 105-fold higher sensitivity than that of conventional PCR. The relative detection limit was 0.1% DHG in the adulterants, including gelatines of horse, cow, pork, goat, sheep or chicken origins. When genomic DNAs extracted from heat-treated DHG samples, including boiling or autoclaving for 40 min, were used as templates, DHG detection by LAMP was unchanged and reproducible. In conclusion, the LAMP assay established herein could potentially be applied for the authentication of DHG and DHG-related products in herbal or food markets.

Magnoliae Flos Essential Oil as an Immunosuppressant in Dendritic Cell Activation and Contact Hypersensitivity Responses.

Magnoliae Flos is a commonly used traditional medicinal material in Asia. It is used to treat sinusitis, nasal congestion, and hypersensitive skin. Because Magonlia Flos was described as an aromatic material in ancient Chinese texts, we hypothesized that its essential oil may be used to treat immune disorders. Dendritic cells (DCs), regarded as a major target of immunomodulators to control immune responses, play a critical role in the adaptive immune response. In this study, Magnoliae Flos essential oil (MFEO) decreased the production of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12p70 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated DCs. It also suppressed the surface markers MHC II, CD80, and CD86 in LPS-stimulated DCs. Animal models demonstrated that the 2,4-Dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB) inducing a contact hypersensitivity response was inhibited following treatment with MFEO. In addition, MFEO inhibited the infiltration of T cells in the ears of DNFB-induced mice. To explore its bioactive compounds, the components of MFEO were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. The results revealed that the major compounds in MFEO are camphor and 1,8-cineole. Additional DC bioassays confirmed that these compounds substantially suppressed cytokine production in LPS-induced DCs. Therefore, we demonstrated that MFEO exhibits an immunosuppressive effect both in vivo and in vitro, and camphor and 1,8-cineole may be the major components responsible for its immunosuppressive ability. The findings indicate that MFEO has the potential to be developed as a new immunosuppressant for excessive diseases.

Bioactivity-Guided Fractionation and NMR-Based Identification of the Immunomodulatory Isoflavone from the Roots of Uraria crinita (L.) Desv. ex DC.

Uraria crinita is used as a functional food ingredient. Little is known about the association between its immunomodulatory activity and its metabolites. We applied a precise strategy for screening metabolites using immunomodulatory fractions from a U. crinata root methanolic extract (UCME) in combination with bioactivity-guided fractionation and NMR-based identification. The fractions from UCME were evaluated in terms of their inhibitory activity against the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC). The role of the isoflavone genistein was indicated by the 1H NMR profiling of immunomodulatory subfractions (D-4 and D-5) and supported by the result that genistein-knockout subfractions (D-4 w/o and D-5 w/o) had a lower inhibitory activity compared to genistein-containing subfractions. This study suggests that genistein contributes to the immunomodulatory activity of UCME and will help in the standardization of functional food.

Protective effects of Lactobacillus plantarum against chronic alcohol-induced liver injury in the murine model.

Long-term alcohol consumption causes liver injuries such as alcoholic hepatitis, fatty liver, and endotoxemia. Some probiotics were demonstrated to exert beneficial effects in the gastrointestinal tract. The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Lactobacillus plantarum CMU995 against alcohol-induced liver injury. The mice were orally administered L. plantarum CMU995 for 1 week, followed by the administration of alcohol and different tested substances daily for 6 weeks. The liver injury was examined by measuring the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), malondialdehyde (MDA), anti-oxidative enzyme, endotoxin, inflammatory cytokines, and lipid accumulation in the liver or serum among different groups. L. plantarum CMU995 exhibited beneficial effects on alcohol-induced liver injury via reduction in the serum concentration of AST, ALT, cholesterol, triglycerides, endotoxin, TNF-α, IL-1ß, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, we also found that the levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and intestinal tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were considerably higher in L. plantarum CMU995-fed groups when compared with placebo group. Meanwhile, the protective effects were demonstrated biological gradients as controversial dose-dependent. We speculate that L. plantarum CMU995 inhibited the migration of alcohol-derived endotoxin into the blood and liver, thereby improving the intestinal barrier. The present evidence may provide a novel microbiota-based strategy to prevent the alcohol-induced liver injury.

Oral Inoculation of Specific-Pathogen-Free Chickens with Chicken Anemia Virus Induces Dose-Dependent Viremia and Transient Anemia.

Chicken infectious anemia caused by chicken anemia virus (CAV) is a very important immunosuppressive disease in chickens. The horizontal spread of CAV in field chickens has been confirmed mainly through oral infection in our published article. Anemia is the main symptom of this disease. Studies by other scientists have shown that infection of CAV in 1-day-old chicks can cause anemia, and the degree of anemia is directly proportional to the dose of infectious virus. However, the pathogenesis of oral inoculation of CAV in older chickens is still not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine whether 3-weeks-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with different viral doses in oral route would cause anemia, as well as other signs associated with age-resistance. The experimental design was divided into a high-dose inoculated group (106 1050), low-dose inoculated group (103 TCID50), and non-virus inoculated control group, and 12 birds in each group at the beginning of the trial. The packed cell volumes (PCVs), CAV genome copies in tissues, CAV titer in peripheral blood fractions, and serology were evaluated at 7, 14, and 21 days post-infection (dpi). Virus replication and spread were estimated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and viral titration in cell culture, respectively. The results showed that the average PCVs value of the high-dose inoculated group was significantly lower than that of the control group at 14 dpi (p < 0.05), and 44.4% (4/9) of the chickens reached the anemia level (PCVs < 27%). At 21 dpi, the average PCV value rebounded but remained lower than the control group without significant differences. In the low-dose inoculated group, all birds did not reach anemia during the entire trial period. Peripheral blood analysis showed that the virus titer in all erythrocyte, granulocyte and mononuclear cell reached the peak at 14 dpi regardless of the high-dose or low-dose inoculated group, and the highest virus titer appeared in the high-dose inoculated group of mononuclear cell. In the low-dose inoculated group, CAV was detected only at 14 dpi in erythrocyte. Taken together, our results indicate that the older birds require a higher dose of infectious CAV to cause anemia after about 14 days of infection, which is related to apoptosis caused by viral infection of erythrocytes. In both inoculated groups, the viral genome copies did not increase in the bone marrow, which indicated that minimal cell susceptibility to CAV was found in older chickens. In the low-dose inoculated group, only mononuclear cells can still be detected with CAV at 21 dpi in seropositive chickens, indicating that the mononuclear cell is the target cell for persistent infection. Therefore, complete elimination of the CAV may still require the aid of a cell-mediated immune response (CMI), although it has previously been reported to be inhibited by CAV infection. Prevention of early exposure to CAV could be possible by improved hygiene procedures.

Identification of nuclear localization signal and nuclear export signal of VP1 from the chicken anemia virus and effects on VP2 shuttling in cells.

BACKGROUND: VP1 of the chicken anemia virus (CAV) is a structural protein that is required for virus encapsulation. VP1 proteins are present both in the nucleus and cytoplasm; however, the functional nuclear localization signal (NLS) and nuclear export signal (NES) of VP1 are still unknown. This study aimed to characterize the NLS and NES motifs of VP1 using bioinformatics methods and multiple-site fragment deletions, and investigate shuttling of VP2 from nucleus to cytoplasm by co-transfection with VP1. METHODS: Two putative NLS motifs were predicted by the WoLF PSORT and NLStradamus programs from the amino acid sequence of VP1. Three NES motifs of VP1 were predicted by the NetNES 1.1 Server and ELM server programs. All mutants were created by multiple-site fragment deletion mutagenesis. VP1 and VP2 were co-expressed in cells using plasmid transfection. RESULTS: A functional NLS motif was identified at amino acid residues 3 to 10 (RRARRPRG) of VP1. Critical amino acids 3 to 10 were significantly involved in nuclear import in cells and were evaluated using systematic deletion mutagenesis. Three NES motifs of VP1 were predicted by the NetNES 1.1 Server and ELM server programs. A functional NES was identified at amino acid residues 375 to 388 (ELDTNFFTLYVAQ). Leptomycin B (LMB) treatment demonstrated that VP1 export from nucleus to cytoplasm occurred through a chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1)-dependent pathway. With co-expression of VP1 and VP2 in cells, we observed that VP1 may transport VP2 from nucleus to cytoplasm. CONCLUSION: Our data showed that VP1 of CAV contained functional NLS and NES motifs that modulated nuclear import and export through a CRM1-dependent pathway. Further, VP1 may play a role in the transport of VP2 from nucleus to cytoplasm.

Persistent Infection with Chicken Anemia Virus in 3-Week-Old Chickens Induced by Inoculation of the Virus by the Natural Route.

Naturally acquired chicken anemia virus (CAV) infection in chickens frequently occurs from 3 weeks of age onward after maternally derived antibodies have decayed. The oral inoculation of older chickens with CAV was reported to have negative effects on cell-mediated immune function, and pathological changes were identified. To date, there has been no complete illustration of an immunological and persistent infection. To understand the pathogenesis of persistent CAV infection, an immunological study of CAV-infected 3-week-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens was carried out by different routes of inoculation. The weight, packed cell volumes, and organ samples were obtained at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days postinfection (dpi). Here, we compared hematological, immunological, and sequential pathological evaluations and determined the CAV tissue distribution in different organs. Neither a reduction in weight gain nor anemia was detected in either the inoculated or the control group. The immune-pathological changes were investigated by evaluating the body and thymus weight ratio and specific antibody titer. Delayed recovery of the thymus corresponding to a low antibody response was detected in the orally inoculated group. This is different from what was found in chickens intramuscularly infected with the same dose of CAV. The CAV remaining in a wide range of tissues was examined by viral reisolation into cell culture. The absence of the virus in infected tissues was typically found in the intramuscularly inoculated group. These chickens were immediately induced for a protective antibody response. A few viruses replicating in the thymus were found 21 dpi due to the regression in the antibody titer in the orally inoculated group. Our findings support that a natural infection with CAV may lead to the gradual CAV viral replication in the thymus during inadequate antibody production. The results clearly confirmed that virus-specific antibodies were essential for viral clearance. Under CIA-risk circumstances, administration of the CAV vaccine is important for achieving a sufficient protective immune response.

The rapid and sensitive detection of edible bird's nest (Aerodramus fuciphagus) in processed food by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay.

Edible bird's nest (EBN) is a well-known and precious traditional Chinese herbal material (CHM). Because of this, preventing the adulteration of EBN efficiently and precisely is crucial to protect consumers' interests and health. In this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for the detection of EBN using specifically designed LAMP primers. The results demonstrated that the identification of EBN by LAMP assay was specific and rapid (within 1 h). It had no cross-reaction with EBN adulterants, including white fungus, egg white and pig skin, in different ratios. The relative detection limit was 0.01% EBN in the adulterants. Moreover, the sensitivity of LAMP in authenticating EBN was 10-8 µg, it showed higher sensitivity than that of conventional PCR with 105 fold. When genomic DNAs extracted from boiled or steamed EBN samples were used as templates, LAMP for EBN detection was not affected and was reproducible after heat processing. In conclusion, the LAMP assay established herein could be applicable for authenticating EBN and for identifying commercial EBN products in herbal markets.

Cuscuta chinensis and C. campestris Attenuate Scopolamine-Induced Memory Deficit and Oxidative Damage in Mice.

The seeds of Cuscuta chinensis Lam. and C. campestris Yuncker have been commonly used as Chinese medical material for preventing aging. Our previous studies have found that C. chinensis and C. campestris possess anti-inflammatory activities in rodents. However, their other biological activities, such as memory-improving properties, have not yet been explored. In the present study, we examined the memory-improving effects of the extracts of C. chinensis and C. campestris on scopolamine (SCOP)-induced memory deficit and explored their underlying mechanism in mice. Both Cuscuta species improved SCOP-induced memory deficits in the passive avoidance test, elevated plus-maze, and spatial performance test of the Morris water maze in mice. In addition, compared with mice injected with SCOP, mice pretreated with both Cuscuta species stayed for a longer time on the platform for the probe test of the Morris water maze. Moreover, both Cuscuta species reduced brain acetylcholinesterase activity and malondialdehyde levels that were increased by SCOP, and the species restored the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and the levels of glutathione that were decreased by SCOP in the brains of mice. Both Cuscuta species further decreased brain interleukin-1ß and tumor necrosis factor-α levels that were elevated by SCOP. We demonstrated that both Cuscuta species exhibited a protective activity against SCOP-induced memory deficit, cholinergic dysfunction, oxidative damage, and neuroinflammation in mice, and C. campestris has better potential than C. chinensis. In addition, we provided evidence that the seeds of C. campestris can be used as Cuscutae Semen in Traditional Chinese Medicine.