A Rare Case of Pituicytoma Presenting Cystic Formation.

Pituicytoma is a rare solid benign tumor of the sellar and/or suprasellar region originating from the pituicytes of the neurohypophysis or infundibulum, which is not differentiated from a pituitary adenoma that is diagnosed mostly in the sellar and/or suprasellar region. In addition, cystic tumors are very rare and have not been reported due to their solid and hypervascular natures. A 33-year-old man presented with a chronic headache which exacerbated recently. MRI was performed and revealed a cystic tumor in the sellar and suprasellar regions with a small parenchymal island in the cyst compressing the optic chiasm. The endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach was used to remove the tumor. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for thyroid transcription factor 1, S-100 protein, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. The pituicytoma was diagnosed based on histologic findings. The authors review herein the literature on clinical presentation, diagnosis, surgical management, and outcome.

Research articles published by Korean spine surgeons: Scientific progress and the increase in spine surgery.

There has been a marked increase in spine surgery in the 21st century, but there are no reports providing quantitative and qualitative analyses of research by Korean spine surgeons. The study goal was to assess the status of Korean spinal surgery and research. The number of spine surgeries was obtained from the Korean National Health Insurance Service. Research articles published by Korean spine surgeons were reviewed by using the Medline/PubMed online database. The number of spine surgeries in Korea increased markedly from 92,390 in 2004 to 164,291 in 2013. During the 2000-2014 period, 1982 articles were published by Korean spine surgeons. The annual number of articles increased from 20 articles in 2000 to 293 articles in 2014. There was a positive correlation between the annual spine surgery and article numbers (p<0.001). There were 1176 original studies published, and there was an annual increase in articles with Oxford levels of evidence 1, 2, and 3. The mean five-year impact factor (IF) for article quality was 1.79. There was no positive correlation between the annual IF and article numbers. Most articles (65.9%) were authored by neurosurgical spine surgeons. But spinal deformity-related topics were dominant among articles authored by orthopedics. The results show a clear quantitative increase in Korean spinal surgery and research over the last 15years. The lack of a correlation between annual IF and published article numbers indicate that Korean spine surgeons should endeavor to increase research value.

Surgical outcomes in patients with mild symptoms, but severely compressed spinal cord from cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament.

Surgical treatment is indicated in patients with moderate to severe myelopathy from cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligaments (OPLL), but undertaking prophylactic surgery for asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with a severely compressed spinal cord is debatable. Patients with <8mm space available in the spinal canal on CT scan, were divided into groups I (mild symptoms, Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score range 15-16) and II (moderate to severe symptoms, JOA score <14). Medical charts including operative records were reviewed to obtain preoperative, perioperative, and final postoperative follow-up data. Group I included 24 patients (20 men, mean age 52.42years), and Group II included 46 patients (33 men, mean age 54.67years). Compared to Group II, Group I had a shorter preoperative symptom duration (19.21 vs. 38.23months, p=0.046) and a more favorable JOA score at final follow-up (p=0.007). The mean numbers of OPLL-involved segments were similar (Group I 2.96, Group II 3.09; p=0.773) as were the mean numbers of operated segments (Group I 2.71, Group II 3.35; p=0.076). Perioperative blood loss, operation duration, and hospital stay duration were significantly more favorable in Group I than in Group II. The numbers of surgery-related complications in the two groups were similar. Early surgical treatment for a favorable neurologic recovery with a low perioperative risk can be recommended in patients with severely compressed spinal cord from cervical OPLL who present with mild arm numbness. Surgery-related complications, however, should be carefully monitored regardless of symptom severity.

Clinical Experiences of Non-fusion Dynamic Stabilization Surgery for Adjacent Segmental Pathology after Lumbar Fusion.

BACKGROUND: As an alternative to spinal fusion, non-fusion dynamic stabilization surgery has been developed, showing good clinical outcomes. In the present study, we introduce our surgical series, which involves non-fusion dynamic stabilization surgery for adjacent segment pathology (ASP) after lumbar fusion surgery. METHODS: Fifteen patients (13 female and 2 male, mean age of 62.1 years) who underwent dynamic stabilization surgery for symptomatic ASP were included and medical records, magnetic resonance images (MRI), and plain radiographs were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: Twelve of the 15 patients had the fusion segment at L4-5, and the most common segment affected by ASP was L3-4. The time interval between prior fusion and later non-fusion surgery was mean 67.0 months. The Visual Analog Scale and Oswestry Disability Index showed values of 7.4 and 58.5% before the non-fusion surgery and these values respectively declined to 4.2 and 41.3% postoperatively at 36 months (p=0.027 and p=0.018, respectively). During the mean 44.8 months of follow-up, medication of analgesics was also significantly reduced. The MRI grade for disc and central stenosis identified significant degeneration at L3-4, and similar disc degeneration from lateral radiographs was determined at L3-4 between before the prior fusion surgery and the later non-fusion surgery. After the non-fusion surgery, the L3-4 segment and the proximal segment of L2-3 were preserved in the disc, stenosis and facet joint whereas L1-2 showed disc degeneration on the last MRI (p=0.032). Five instances of radiologic ASP were identified, showing characteristic disc-space narrowing at the proximal segments of L1-2 and L2-3. However, no patient underwent additional surgery for ASP after non-fusion dynamic stabilization surgery. CONCLUSION: The proposed non-fusion dynamic stabilization system could be an effective surgical treatment for elderly patients with symptomatic ASP after lumbar fusion.

En Bloc Cervical Laminoplasty Using Translaminar Screws (T-laminoplasty): Novel Procedure for Preserving Midline Ligamentous Structures.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospectively maintained and retrospectively analyzed study. OBJECTIVE: The authors have newly developed an en bloc cervical laminoplasty using translaminar screws (T-laminoplasty) to preserve the posterior midline structures so as to maintain spinal stability and prevent postoperative axial pain and deformity. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Cervical laminoplasty is a popular surgical procedure for patients with multilevel compressive cervical lesions. However, several reports have noted its limitations and shortcomings. METHODS: After exposure of the posterior cervical spine with preservation of the midline ligamentous structure, en bloc laminotomy was performed and made a laminectomized block. While the laminotomized block was being lifted, the translaminar trajectory from the lamina to the contralateral lateral mass was prepared. Then a translaminar screw was inserted with suspension of the laminotomized block to expand the spinal canal, passed through the laminar spacer, and finally fixed in the contralateral lateral mass. Next, another screw was inserted into the adjacent segment from the opposite side, and further screw fixations were made in this alternating manner. RESULTS: Twenty patients underwent T-laminoplasty and 83 segments were operated upon. Clinical outcomes were statistically improved during the mean follow-up period of 19.7 months. Radiologic outcomes of cervical lordosis and range of motion were preserved with the expansion of the cross-sectional area of the spinal canal. In addition, no restenosis or laminar settlement was observed at the last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: T-laminoplasty can be one of the surgical options for multilevel compressive cervical lesions. With midline ligamentous structures preserving the procedure, it was possible to get enough canal decompression and foraminal decompression, while obtaining good clinical and radiologic outcomes.

Difference in canal encroachment by the fusion mass between anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with bone autograft and anterior plating, and stand-alone cage.

We conducted a prospective randomized study comparing stand-alone cage and bone autograft and plate implants in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01011569). Our interim analysis showed autologous bone graft with plating was superior to a stand-alone cage for segmental lordosis. During this analysis, we noted a difference in canal encroachment by the fusion mass between the two fusion groups. A narrow cervical spinal canal is an important factor in the development of cervical spondylotic myelopathy, therefore this unexpected potential risk of spinal cord compression necessitated another interim analysis to investigate whether there was a difference in canal encroachment by the fusion mass between the two groups. Patients had a minimum 1year of follow-up. The Neck Disability Index, neck and arm pain Visual Analog Scales and lateral radiographs, including bone fusion patterns, were evaluated. Twenty-seven (16 males, 11 females, mean age 54.8years) and 31 (24 males, seven females, mean age 54.5years) patients were in the cage and plate group, respectively. Both groups improved after surgery. Fusion began at 2.6months and 1.3months and finished at 6.7months and 4.0months in 24 (88.9%) and 28 (90.3%) patients in the cage and plate group, respectively. Encroachment into the spinal canal by the fusion mass was significantly different between the fusion types, occuring in 21 (77.8%) patients in the cage group versus six (19.4%) in the plate group (p=0.003). There was a high incidence of spinal canal encroachment by the fusion mass in the stand-alone cage group, possibly limiting use in narrow spinal canals.

Diversity and homogeneity of oral microbiota in healthy Korean pre-school children using pyrosequencing.

Objectives The purpose of this study was designed to identify the oral microbiota in healthy Korean pre-school children using pyrosequencing. Materials and methods Dental plaque samples were obtained form 10 caries-free pre-school children. The samples were analysed using pyrosequencing. Results The pyrosequencing analysis revealed that, at the phylum level, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria showed high abundance. Also, predominant genera were identified as core microbiome, such as Streptococcus, Neisseria, Capnocytophaga, Haemophilus and Veilonella. Conclusions The diversity and homogeneity was shown in the dental plaque microbiota in healthy Korean pre-school children.

Facet joint changes after application of lumbar nonfusion dynamic stabilization.

OBJECTIVE The long-term effects on adjacent-segment pathology after nonfusion dynamic stabilization is unclear, and, in particular, changes at the adjacent facet joints have not been reported in a clinical study. This study aims to compare changes in the adjacent facet joints after lumbar spinal surgery. METHODS Patients who underwent monosegmental surgery at L4-5 with nonfusion dynamic stabilization using the Dynesys system (Dynesys group) or transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with pedicle screw fixation (fusion group) were retrospectively compared. Facet joint degeneration was evaluated at each segment using the CT grading system. RESULTS The Dynesys group included 15 patients, while the fusion group included 22 patients. The preoperative facet joint degeneration CT grades were not different between the 2 groups. Compared with the preoperative CT grades, 1 side of the facet joints at L3-4 and L4-5 had significantly more degeneration in the Dynesys group. In the fusion group, significant facet joint degeneration developed on both sides at L2-3, L3-4, and L5-S1. The subjective back and leg pain scores were not different between the 2 groups during follow-up, but functional outcome based on the Oswestry Disability Index improved less in the fusion group than in the Dynesys group. CONCLUSIONS Nonfusion dynamic stabilization using the Dynesys system had a greater preventative effect on facet joint degeneration in comparison with that obtained using fusion surgery. The Dynesys system, however, resulted in facet joint degeneration at the instrumented segments and above. An improved physiological nonfusion dynamic stabilization system for lumbar spinal surgery should be developed.

Dynamic stabilization using the Dynesys system versus posterior lumbar interbody fusion for the treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal disease: a clinical and radiological outcomes-based meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE The Dynesys, a pedicle-based dynamic stabilization (PDS) system, was introduced to overcome the drawbacks of fusion procedures. Nevertheless, the theoretical advantages of PDS over fusion have not been clearly confirmed. The aim of this study was to compare clinical and radiological outcomes of patients who underwent PDS using the Dynesys system with those who underwent posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF). METHODS The authors searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Database. Studies that reported outcomes of patients who underwent PDS or PLIF for the treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal disease were included. The primary efficacy end points were perioperative outcomes. The secondary efficacy end points were changes in the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and back and leg pain visual analog scale (VAS) scores and in range of motion (ROM) at the treated and adjacent segments. A meta-analysis was performed to calculate weighted mean differences (WMDs), 95% confidence intervals, Q statistics, and I(2) values. Forest plots were constructed for each analysis group. RESULTS Of the 274 retrieved articles, 7 (which involved 506 participants [Dynesys, 250; PLIF, 256]) met the inclusion criteria. The Dynesys group showed a competitive advantage in mean surgery duration (20.73 minutes, 95% CI 8.76-32.70 minutes), blood loss (81.87 ml, 95% CI 45.11-118.63 ml), and length of hospital stay (1.32 days, 95% CI 0.23-2.41 days). Both the Dynesys and PLIF groups experienced improved ODI and VAS scores after 2 years of follow-up. Regarding the ODI and VAS scores, no statistically significant difference was noted according to surgical procedure (ODI: WMD 0.12, 95% CI -3.48 to 3.72; back pain VAS score: WMD -0.15; 95% CI -0.56 to 0.26; leg pain VAS score: WMD -0.07; 95% CI -0.47 to 0.32). The mean ROM at the adjacent segment increased in both groups, and there was no substantial difference between them (WMD 1.13; 95% CI -0.33 to 2.59). Although the United States is the biggest market for Dynesys, no eligible study from the United States was found, and 4 of 8 enrolled studies were performed in China. The results must be interpreted with caution because of publication bias. During Dynesys implantation, surgeons have to decide the length of the spacer and cord pretension. These values are debatable and can vary according to the surgeon's experience and the patient's condition. Differences between the surgical procedures were not considered in this study. CONCLUSIONS Fusion still remains the method of choice for advanced degeneration and gross instability. However, spinal degenerative disease with or without Grade I spondylolisthesis, particularly in patients who require a quicker recovery, will likely constitute the main indication for PDS using the Dynesys system.

Surgical Outcomes of the Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament According to the Involvement of the C2 Segment.

OBJECTIVE: The complex structure around the upper cervical spine makes surgical treatment difficult. the present study aimed to analyze how patients with ossification of the longitudinal ligament (OPLL) involving the C2 were managed and to compare the surgical outcomes according to the C2 involvement. METHODS: Ninety-five patients with cervical OPLL who underwent surgical treatment were divided into C2 involvement (C2+ group, 40 patients) or none (C2- group, 55 patients). In the C2+ group, subanalysis was conducted to according to the C2 surgery (C2 surgery+ group, 14 patients). RESULTS: All patients had a minimum of 1 year of follow-up with a mean of 51.36 months. The most common location of the narrowest space available for the spinal cord was C2 and C5 in the C2+ and C2- groups, respectively. In the C2+ group, a longer OPLL with thickened diameter was radiographically demonstrated, but clinical outcomes were not different from the C2- group. In the C2 surgery+ group, the narrowest spinal cord was common in the C2 (50.0%), and an extension of the signal change of spinal cord to the C2 was observed in 4 patients, showing a statistical difference. C2 surgery was performed in all patients using the posterior approach and it did not result in different clinical outcomes or surgery-related complications. An anterior surgical approach was deemed risky given the chance of the development of complications. CONCLUSIONS: Both of C2 involvement from OPLL and surgery including the C2 did not affect clinical outcomes. The posterior decompressive surgery is safer and more effective than the anterior approach regarding the development of surgery-related complications.

Clinical Factors and Perioperative Strategies Associated with Outcome in Preinjury Antiplatelet and Anticoagulation Therapy for Patients with Traumatic Brain Injuries.

OBJECTIVE: Long-term oral anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy has been used with increasing frequency in the elderly. These patients are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality from expansion of intracranial hemorrhage. We conducted a single-center retrospective case control study to evaluate risk factors associated with outcomes and to identify the differences in outcome in traumatic brain injury between preinjury anticoagulation use and without anticoagulation. METHODS: A retrospective study of patients who underwent craniotomy or craniectomy for acute traumatic cerebral hemorrhage, between January 2005 and December 2014 was performed. RESULTS: A consecutive series of 50 patients were evaluated. The factors significantly differed between the two groups were initial Prothrombin Time-International Normalized Ratio, initial platelet count, initial Glasgow Coma Scale score, and postoperative intracranial bleeding. Mean Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score were similar between the two groups. In the patient with low-energy trauma only, no significant differences in GOS score, postoperative bleeding and many other factors were observed. The contributing factors to postoperative bleeding was preinjury anticoagulation and its adjusted odds ratio was 12 [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 12.242; p=0.0070]. The contributing factors to low GOS scores, which mean unfavorable neurological outcomes, were age (adjusted OR, 1.073; p=0.039) and Rotterdam scale score for CT scans (adjusted OR, 3.123; p=0.0020). CONCLUSION: Preinjury anticoagulation therapy contributed significantly to the occurrence of postoperative bleeding. However, preinjury anticoagulation therapy in the patients with low-energy trauma did not contribute to the poor clinical outcomes or total hospital stay. Careful attention should be given to older patients and severity of hemorrhage on initial brain CT.

Hybrid Surgery Combined with Dynamic Stabilization System and Fusion for the Multilevel Degenerative Disease of the Lumbosacral Spine.

BACKGROUND: As motion-preserving technique has been developed, the concept of hybrid surgery involves simultaneous application of two different kinds of devices, dynamic stabilization system and fusion technique. In the present study, the application of hybrid surgery for lumbosacral degenerative disease involving two-segments and its long-term outcome were investigated. METHODS: Fifteen patients with hybrid surgery (Hybrid group) and 10 patients with two-segment fusion (Fusion group) were retrospectively compared. RESULTS: Preoperative grade for disc degeneration was not different between the two groups, and the most common operated segment had the most degenerated disc grade in both groups; L4-5 and L5-S1 in the Hybrid group, and L3-4 and L4-5 in Fusion group. Over 48 months of follow-up, lumbar lordosis and range of motion (ROM) at the T12-S1 global segment were preserved in the Hybrid group, and the segmental ROM at the dynamic stabilized segment maintained at final follow-up. The Fusion group had a significantly decreased global ROM and a decreased segmental ROM with larger angles compared to the Hybrid group. Defining a 2-mm decrease in posterior disc height (PDH) as radiologic adjacent segment pathology (ASP), these changes were observed in 6 and 7 patients in the Hybrid and Fusion group, respectively. However, the last PDH at the above adjacent segment had statistically higher value in Hybrid group. Pain score for back and legs was much reduced in both groups. Functional outcome measured by Oswestry disability index (ODI), however, had better improvement in Hybrid group. CONCLUSION: Hybrid surgery, combined dynamic stabilization system and fusion, can be effective surgical treatment for multilevel degenerative lumbosacral spinal disease, maintaining lumbar motion and delaying disc degeneration.

Intracranial Hypertension in a Patient with a Chiari Malformation Accompanied by Hyperthyroidism.

The Chiari malformation is an infrequently detected congenital anomaly characterized by the downward displacement of the cerebellum with a tonsillar herniation below the foramen magnum that may be accompanied by either syringomyelia or hydrocephalus. Surgery, such as foramen magnum decompression, is indicated for a symptomatic Chiari malformation, although an incidental lesion may be followed-up without further treatment. Infrequently, increased intracranial pressure emerges due to hyperthyroidism. A nineteen-year-old girl visited our outpatient clinic presented with a headache, nausea and vomiting. A brain and spinal magnetic resonance image study (MRI) indicated that the patient had a Chiari I malformation without syringomyelia or hydrocephalus. An enlarged thyroid gland was detected on a physical examination, and serum markers indicated Graves' disease. The patient started anti-hyperthyroid medical treatment. Subsequently, the headache disappeared after the medical treatment of hyperthyroidism without surgical intervention for the Chiari malformation. A symptomatic Chiari malformation is indicated for surgery, but a surgeon should investigate other potential causes of the symptoms of the Chiari malformation to avoid unnecessary surgery.

Different Surgical Approaches for Spinal Schwannoma: A Single Surgeon's Experience with 49 Consecutive Cases.

OBJECTIVE: Comparing different surgical approaches for spinal schwannoma, the safety and efficacy of the minimally invasive surgery (MIS) approach were demonstrated, and a suitable indication for each surgical approach was analyzed. METHODS: This study comprised 49 consecutive patients with intradural extramedullary schwannoma who underwent surgical resection: 31 patients via MIS approach (MIS group; 6 patients via a muscle-splitting approach using a tubular retractor and 25 patients via unilateral hemilaminectomy preserving the contralateral paraspinal muscle) and 18 patients via total laminectomy (TL group). Medical records including perioperative data and radiologic data were reviewed. RESULTS: On initial magnetic resonance imaging, the mean maximal sagittal diameter of the tumor was 23.9 mm in the MIS group and 26.9 mm in the TL group, and the mean maximal axial diameter was 16.1 mm in the MIS group and 22.8 mm in the TL group (P = 0.452 and P = 0.011, respectively). The foraminal extension of tumor was identified in 8 patients in the MIS group and 9 patients in the TL group (P = 0.081). The tumor location was the lumbar spine in 20 patients in the MIS group and the cervicothoracic spine in 17 patients in the TL group (P = 0.001). Intraoperatively, all tumors in the MIS group could be totally resected with reduced operative time and blood loss. During the follow-up period of 38.2 months in the MIS group and 51.2 months in the TL group, the clinical improvement was not different between the surgical approaches (P = 0.332). CONCLUSIONS: Safe and complete resection of intradural extramedullary schwannoma was obtained through the MIS approach. Regardless of sagittal extension of the tumor, a schwannoma with an axial diameter of 16 mm located in the lumbar spine can be effectively treated with the MIS approach, including foraminal extension.

Correlation between cervical lordosis and adjacent segment pathology after anterior cervical spinal surgery.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence and risk factors for adjacent segment pathology (ASP) after anterior cervical spinal surgery. METHODS: Fourteen patients (12 male, mean age 47.1 years) who underwent single-level cervical disk arthroplasty (CDA group) and 28 case-matched patients (24 male, mean age 53.6 years) who underwent single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF group) were included. Presence of radiologic ASP (RASP) was based on observed changes in anterior osteophytes, disks, and calcification of the anterior longitudinal ligament on lateral radiographs. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 43.4 months in the CDA group and 44.6 months in the ACDF group. At final follow-up, ASP was observed in 5 (35.7%) CDA patients and 16 (57.1%) ACDF patients (p = 0.272). The interval between surgery and ASP development was 33.8 months in the CDA group and 16.3 months in the ACDF group (p = 0.046). The ASP risk factor analysis indicated postoperative cervical angle at C3-7 being more lordotic in non-ASP patients in both groups. Restoration of lordosis occurred in the CDA group regardless of the presence of ASP, but heterotopic ossification development was associated with the presence of ASP in the CDA group. And the CDA group had significantly greater clinical improvements than those in the ACDF group when ASP was present. CONCLUSION: In both CDA and ACDF patients, RASP developed, but CDA was associated with a delay in ASP development. A good clinical outcome was expected in CDA group, even when ASP developed. Restoration of cervical lordosis was an important factor in anterior cervical spine surgery.

Risk Prediction for Development of Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury without Spinal Instability.

Study Design Retrospective comparative study. Objective A narrow spinal canal is an important risk factor for predicting a spinal cord injury (SCI); however, the radiologic parameters have not been fully established. The authors conducted a comparative study to forecast SCI risk by determining a predictive spinal canal diameter (SCD) cutoff value from magnetic resonance image (MRI) in the Korean population. Methods On T2-weighted MRI of the cervical spine, the SCD at the pedicle (SCDpedicle) and the intervertebral disk level (SCDdisk) were measured in patients with SCI without spinal instability and in healthy subjects. Additionally, the vertebral body diameter (Dvertebral body) and intervertebral disk diameter (Dintervertebral disk) were measured, and the two ratios (SCDpedicle to Dvertebral body and SCDdisk to Dintervertebral disk) were calculated. In the SCI group, the extent of high signal intensity on the T2-weighted midsagittal MRI was determined. Results The data obtained from 20 patients in the SCI group (18 men, mean age 61.35 years) and 65 individuals in the control group (47 men, mean age 57.05 years) was compared. All the parameters including the SCD and the calculated ratios were significantly smaller in the SCI group than in the control group. Among them, the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) value for the SCDdisk-to-Dintervertebral disk ratio at C2-C3, with a cutoff ratio value of 0.59, provided the greatest positive predictive value. A low SCDdisk-to-Dintervertebral disk ratio at C4-C5 and the presence of >40 mm of high signal intensity on the MRI were related with the presence of complete SCI. Conclusion Because the C2-C3 level is relatively wide compared with the subaxial cervical spine, a small ratio at C2-C3 provided the greatest positive predictive value in SCI. Complete SCI is associated with a small SCDdisk-to-Dintervertebral disk ratio at C4-C5 and with extensive high signal intensity on MRI.

Adverse effect of trauma on neurologic recovery for patients with cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament.

Study Design Retrospective study. Objective Minor trauma, even from a simple fall, can often cause cervical myelopathy, necessitating surgery in elderly patients who may be unaware of their posterior longitudinal ligament ossification (OPLL). The aim of this study is to determine the influence of trauma on the neurologic course in patients who have undergone surgery for cervical OPLL. Methods Patients who underwent surgery due to OPLL were divided by trauma history and compared (34 in the trauma group; 70 in the nontrauma group). Results Ground falls were the most common type of trauma (20 patients, low-energy injuries), but 23 patients developed new symptoms after a trauma. Although the symptom duration (17.68 months) was shorter, the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score and the Nurick scale showed lower values in the trauma group. Trauma histories led patients to earlier hospital visits. Initial JOA scores were associated with a good recovery status upon the last follow-up in both the groups. The narrowest diameter of the spinal canal showed different radiologic parameters: 5.78 mm in the trauma group and 6.52 mm in the nontrauma group. Conclusion Minor trauma can cause the unexpected development of new symptoms in patients unaware of cervical OPLL. Patients with a history of trauma had lower initial JOA scores and showed a narrower spinal canal compared with a nontrauma group. The initial JOA scores were correlated with a good recovery status upon the last follow-up.

Acute intracranial bleeding and recurrence after bur hole craniostomy for chronic subdural hematoma.

OBJECT: There is inconsistency among the perioperative management strategies currently used for chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH). Moreover, postoperative complications such as acute intracranial bleeding and cSDH recurrence affect clinical outcome of cSDH surgery. This study evaluated the risk factors associated with acute intracranial bleeding and cSDH recurrence and identified an effective perioperative strategy for cSDH patients. METHODS: A retrospective study of patients who underwent bur hole craniostomy for cSDH between 2008 and 2012 was performed. RESULTS: A consecutive series of 303 cSDH patients (234 males and 69 females; mean age 67.17 years) was analyzed. Postoperative acute intracranial bleeding developed in 14 patients (4.57%) within a mean of 3.07 days and recurrence was observed in 37 patients (12.21%) within a mean of 31.69 days (range 10-104 days) after initial bur hole craniostomy. The comorbidities of hematological disease and prior shunt surgery were clinical factors associated with acute bleeding. There was a significant risk of recurrence in patients with diabetes mellitus, but recurrence did not affect the final neurological outcome (p = 0.776). Surgical details, including the number of operative bur holes, saline irrigation of the hematoma cavity, use of a drain, and type of postoperative ambulation, were not significantly associated with outcome. However, a large amount of drainage was associated with postoperative acute bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Bur hole craniostomy is an effective surgical procedure for initial and recurrent cSDH. Patients with hematological disease or a history of prior shunt surgery are at risk for postoperative acute bleeding; therefore, these patients should be carefully monitored to avoid overdrainage. Surgeons should consider informing patients with diabetes mellitus that this comorbidity is associated with an increased likelihood of recurrence.

Telephone follow-up care for disabled patients discharged after receiving dental treatment under outpatient general anesthesia.

BACKGROUND: Patients were subjected to post-discharge follow-up (by telephone) in order to investigate the potential complications of outpatient general anesthesia or deep sedation that could develop in disabled dental patients discharged from the hospital. The ultimate aim of this study was to establish an appropriate response measure for such complications. METHODS: The caregivers of 79 disabled patients who underwent dental procedures under general anesthesia at our outpatient clinic were interviewed over telephone. Necessary care instructions were provided during the phone calls when required. The patient satisfaction level regarding the telephonic follow-up care was surveyed by additional telephone calls. RESULTS: Most of the patients did not suffer any serious complications; however, some reported fever and bleeding. The data obtained in this study can be utilized towards the development of caregiver education pertaining to the ambulatory general anesthesia of dental patients with disabilities. CONCLUSIONS: Additionally, we hope that the findings of this study will help minimize the effects of complications experienced by disabled dental patients undergoing ambulatory general anesthesia, as well as increase the overall patient satisfaction level.

Factor XI deficiency and orthognathic surgery: a case report on anesthesia management.

Factor XI deficiency (Hemophilia C) is a very rare autosomal recessive bleeding disorder. Patients with factor XI deficiency do not typically show any spontaneous bleeding or specific symptoms. Sometimes those who have this disorder are identified during special situations such as trauma or surgery. Orthognathic surgery is particularly associated with a high bleeding risk. Therefore, great care must be taken when treating patients with bleeding disorders such as factor XI deficiency. There are a few reports that address the management of patients with bleeding disorders during orthognathic surgery. The current report describes a patient with factor XI deficiency who underwent Le Fort I osteotomy together with bilateral sagittal split osteotomy. The patient's condition was assessed using both rotation thromboelastometry (ROTEM™) and noninvasive measurements of total hemoglobin (SpHb) using Masimo Radical 7 (Masimo Co. CA, USA).