ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate non-invasive imaging biomarkers for assessing renal fibrosis. DWI is used to assess renal function; intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) provides additional measures of perfusion-related diffusion (D*, blood flow; f, perfusion fraction). We aim to determine if reduced ADC seen in renal fibrosis is attributable to perfusion-related diffusion changes or to known reduction in tissue diffusivity (D). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) was created in six mice to induce renal fibrosis. DWI was performed the day before and 7 days post-UUO. A range of b-values from 0 to 1200 s/mm(2) were used. IVIM parameters were obtained using region of interests drawn over the renal parenchyma. Histopathological analysis of both kidneys was performed in all mice. Results were analyzed using the paired t-test with P<0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS: D and f were significantly lower in the ligated kidneys at Day 7 compared to before ligation and no significant difference was found for D*. Comparing non-ligated and ligated kidneys within the same mouse at Day 7, significantly lower D values were observed in the ligated kidneys, while no significant difference was found for f and D*, although the values of f were generally lower. Histopathological analysis confirmed development of fibrosis and reduction in glomeruli in all the ligated kidneys at Day 7. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that the reduction in ADC seen in renal fibrosis is attributable not only to reduced D as previously encountered but also a decrease in vascularity as assessed by f. Reduction in f is possibly related to a reduction in glomeruli.
Subject(s)
Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Kidney Diseases/pathology , Ureteral Obstruction/pathology , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Fibrosis , Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted , Kidney/pathology , Kidney Diseases/complications , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Sensitivity and Specificity , Ureteral Obstruction/complicationsABSTRACT
Sustained ocular drug delivery is difficult to achieve. Most drugs have poor penetration due to the multiple physiological barriers of the eye and are rapidly cleared if applied topically. Biodegradable subconjunctival implants with controlled drug release may circumvent these two problems. In our study, two microfilms (poly [d,l-lactide-co-glycolide] PLGA and poly[d,l-lactide-co-caprolactone] PLC were developed and evaluated for their degradation behavior in vitro and in vivo. We also evaluated the biocompatibility of both microfilms. Eighteen eyes (9 rabbits) were surgically implanted with one type of microfilm in each eye. Serial anterior-segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) scans together with serial slit-lamp microscopy allowed us to measure thickness and cross-sectional area of the microfilms. In vitro studies revealed bulk degradation kinetics for both microfilms, while in vivo studies demonstrated surface erosion kinetics. Serial slit-lamp microscopy revealed no significant inflammation or vascularization in both types of implants (mean increase in vascularity grade PLGA50/50 12±0.5% vs. PLC70/30 15±0.6%; Pâ=â0.91) over a period of 6 months. Histology, immunohistochemistry and immuno-fluorescence also revealed no significant inflammatory reaction from either of the microfilms, which confirmed that both microfilms are biocompatible. The duration of the drug delivery can be tailored by selecting the materials, which have different degradation kinetics, to suit the desired clinical therapeutic application.
Subject(s)
Conjunctiva/drug effects , Conjunctiva/metabolism , Drug Carriers/metabolism , Drug Carriers/toxicity , Materials Testing , Prostheses and Implants/adverse effects , Absorption , Animals , Conjunctiva/cytology , Conjunctiva/surgery , Drug Carriers/chemistry , Feasibility Studies , Lactic Acid/chemistry , Lactic Acid/metabolism , Lactic Acid/toxicity , Molecular Weight , Polyesters/chemistry , Polyesters/metabolism , Polyesters/toxicity , Polyglycolic Acid/chemistry , Polyglycolic Acid/metabolism , Polyglycolic Acid/toxicity , Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer , Rabbits , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy, which, if left untreated, leads to blindness. The most common and most modifiable risk factor in glaucoma is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), which can be managed surgically by filtration surgery. The postoperative subconjunctival scarring response, however, remains the major obstacle to achieving long-term surgical success. Antiproliferatives such as mitomycin C are commonly used to prevent postoperative scarring. Efficacy of these agents has been tested extensively on monkey and rabbit models of glaucoma filtration surgery. As these models have inherent limitations, we have developed a model of glaucoma filtration surgery in the mouse. We show, for the first time, that the mouse model typically scarred within 14 d, but when augmented with mitomycin C, more animals maintained lower intraocular pressures for a longer period of time concomitant with prolonged bleb survival to beyond 28 d. The morphology of the blebs following mitomycin C treatment also resembled well-documented clinical observations, thus confirming the validity and clinical relevance of this model. We demonstrate that the antiscarring response to mitomycin C is likely to be due to its effects on conjunctival fibroblast proliferation, apoptosis and collagen deposition and the suppression of inflammation. Indeed, we verified some of these properties on mouse conjunctival fibroblasts cultured in vitro. These data support the suitability of this mouse model for studying the wound healing response in glaucoma filtration surgery, and as a potentially useful tool for the in vivo evaluation of antifibrotic therapeutics in the eye.
Subject(s)
Antifibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use , Filtering Surgery , Glaucoma/drug therapy , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Conjunctiva/cytology , Fibroblasts/cytology , Fibroblasts/drug effects , In Situ Nick-End Labeling , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mitomycin/therapeutic use , Models, Biological , Wound Healing/drug effectsABSTRACT
Glaucoma is a disease frequently associated with elevated intraocular pressure that can be alleviated by filtration surgery. However, the post-operative subconjunctival scarring response which blocks filtration efficiency is a major hurdle to the achievement of long-term surgical success. Current application of anti-proliferatives to modulate the scarring response is not ideal as these often give rise to sight-threatening complications. SPARC (secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine) is a matricellular protein involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) production and organization. In this study, we investigated post-operative surgical wound survival in an experimental glaucoma filtration model in SPARC-null mice. Loss of SPARC resulted in a marked (87.5%) surgical wound survival rate compared to 0% in wild-type (WT) counterparts. The larger SPARC-null wounds implied that aqueous filtration through the subconjunctival space was more efficient in comparison to WT wounds. The pronounced increase in both surgical survival and filtration efficiency was associated with a less collagenous ECM, smaller collagen fibril diameter, and a loosely-organized subconjunctival matrix in the SPARC-null wounds. In contrast, WT wounds exhibited a densely packed collagenous ECM with no evidence of filtration capacity. Immunolocalization assays confirmed the accumulation of ECM proteins in the WT but not in the SPARC-null wounds. The observations in vivo were corroborated by complementary data performed on WT and SPARC-null conjunctival fibroblasts in vitro. These findings indicate that depletion of SPARC bestows an inherent change in post-operative ECM remodeling to favor wound maintenance. The evidence presented in this report is strongly supportive for the targeting of SPARC to increase the success of glaucoma filtration surgery.
Subject(s)
Disease Models, Animal , Filtering Surgery/methods , Glaucoma/surgery , Osteonectin/deficiency , Animals , Blotting, Western , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Collagen/metabolism , Conjunctiva/cytology , Conjunctiva/metabolism , Conjunctiva/ultrastructure , Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics , Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism , Fibroblasts/cytology , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Fibroblasts/metabolism , Filtering Surgery/mortality , Gene Expression/drug effects , Humans , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Microscopy, Confocal , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Osteonectin/genetics , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Survival Rate , Transforming Growth Factor beta2/pharmacologyABSTRACT
In conclusion, we have applied the fluorescent differential method and the PPAR alpha-null mouse model for the rapid isolation of expression tags of PPAR alpha target genes that are involved in the action of peroxisome proliferators and in the regulation of lipid homeostasis under energy deprivation. Identification of a wide spectrum of PPAR alpha target genes will provide new insights into the diverse cellular pathways regulated by these receptor, and this information will be critical for understanding the complicated biological interactions among members of the PPAR alpha target genes. With the recent technological advancement, a newer method, such as DNA microarray, has emerged in the identification of differential gene expressions. This new DNA microarray method, in conjunction with the differential display method, is the first important step toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of gene interactions in any biological systems and can speed up the search for differential gene expressions.
