J-MISFET Hybrid Dual-Gate Switching Device for Multifunctional Optoelectronic Logic Gate Applications.

High-performance and low operating voltage are becoming increasingly significant device parameters to meet the needs of future integrated circuit (IC) processors and ensure their energy-efficient use in upcoming mobile devices. In this study, we suggest a hybrid dual-gate switching device consisting of the vertically stacked junction and metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) gate structure, named J-MISFET. It shows excellent device performances of low operating voltage (<0.5 V), drain current ON/OFF ratio (∼4.7 × 105), negligible hysteresis window (<0.5 mV), and near-ideal subthreshold slope (SS) (60 mV/dec), making it suitable for low-power switching operation. Furthermore, we investigated the switchable NAND/NOR logic gate operations and the photoresponse characteristics of the J-MISFET under the small supply voltage (0.5 V). To advance the applications further, we successfully demonstrated an integrated optoelectronic security logic system comprising 2-electric inputs (for encrypted data) and 1-photonic input signal (for password key) as a hardware security device for data protection. Thus, we believe that our J-MISFET, with its heterogeneous hybrid gate structures, will illuminate the path toward future device configurations for next-generation low-power electronics and multifunctional security logic systems in a data-driven society.

Graphene Bridge Heterostructure Devices for Negative Differential Transconductance Circuit Applications.

Two-dimensional van der Waals (2D vdW) material-based heterostructure devices have been widely studied for high-end electronic applications owing to their heterojunction properties. In this study, we demonstrate graphene (Gr)-bridge heterostructure devices consisting of laterally series-connected ambipolar semiconductor/Gr-bridge/n-type molybdenum disulfide as a channel material for field-effect transistors (FET). Unlike conventional FET operation, our Gr-bridge devices exhibit non-classical transfer characteristics (humped transfer curve), thus possessing a negative differential transconductance. These phenomena are interpreted as the operating behavior in two series-connected FETs, and they result from the gate-tunable contact capacity of the Gr-bridge layer. Multi-value logic inverters and frequency tripler circuits are successfully demonstrated using ambipolar semiconductors with narrow- and wide-bandgap materials as more advanced circuit applications based on non-classical transfer characteristics. Thus, we believe that our innovative and straightforward device structure engineering will be a promising technique for future multi-functional circuit applications of 2D nanoelectronics.

Bioactive Compounds and Quality Evaluation of Red-Pigmented Rice Processed by Germination and Roasting.

Red-pigmented rice was germinated and processed to develop germinated red rice tea, and the changes in physicochemical, bioactive, and microbial properties due to germination and roasting were investigated. The moisture and crude ash contents of red rice decreased after germination and roasting. Crude protein and crude fat contents increased after germination but slightly decreased after roasting. Total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities) increased following germination and heat treatment. However, the increased levels of γ-amino butyric acid after germination significantly decreased during the subsequent roasting step. In addition, total bacteria, yeast, and mold counts increased during the germination process but decreased after heat treatment as compared to those in the original grain; Escherichia coli was not detected. Therefore, germination and subsequent roasting could effectively enhance the contents of the most bioactive compounds and maintain microbial stability in red-pigmented rice.

Assessment of biochemical compounds and antioxidant enzyme activity in barley and wheatgrass under water-deficit condition.

Wheatgrass and barley grass are freshly sprouted leaves of wheat and barley seeds and are rich sources of phytochemicals. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of drought stress on the biochemical compounds and antioxidant activities of barley grass and wheatgrass extracts. The grass was cultivated in an organic soil growing medium with different levels of drought stress (a control with 100% water holding capacity (WHC), mild drought stress with 75% WHC, moderate drought stress with 50% WHC, and severe drought stress with 25% WHC) in a growth chamber by controlling temperature (20/15 °C, day/night), light (12/12 h, light/dark; intensity 150 µmol m-2  s-1 with quantum dot light-emitting diodes), and relative humidity (60%) for 7 days. The drought stress showed increased levels of biochemical compounds, especially phenolics, flavonoids, and vitamin C, in both barley grass and wheatgrass extracts. The wheatgrass extracts showed 1.38-1.67 times higher phenolics, flavonoids, and vitamin C contents than the barley grass extracts did. The antioxidant (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity, and nitrite-scavenging activity) and antioxidant enzymes (guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase) were the highest under severe drought stress in both barley grass and wheatgrass extracts; and the wheatgrass extracts showed 1.20-5.70 times higher antioxidant enzyme activities than the barley grass extracts did. Proper drought-stress treatment of barley grass and wheatgrass may be a convenient and efficient method to increase biochemical compounds and antioxidants in our diet to exploit the related health benefits. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Influence of Temperature Conditions during Growth on Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Potential of Wheat and Barley Grasses.

Wheat and barley grasses are freshly sprouted leaves of wheat and barley seeds, and are rich sources of phytochemicals. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of day and night temperatures on the growth, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant potential of wheat and barley grasses. Briefly, each grass was cropped in an organic growing medium at 10/5 °C, 20/15 °C, and 30/25 °C (day/night temperature) in a growth chamber by maintaining specific light (12/12 h light/dark; light intensity 150 µmol photons m-2 s-1) and humidity (60%) conditions for 8 days. The highest growth parameters (height, weight, and yield) were observed at the 20/15 °C growth conditions in both types of grass. Conversely, the lowest growth parameters were observed at 10/5 °C. However, the low growth temperature of 10/5 °C resulted in increased levels of bioactive compounds (total phenol, total flavonoid, and total vitamin C), antioxidant activities (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity)), and antioxidant enzymes (guaiacol peroxidase activity, catalase activity, and glutathione reductase) in both types of grass. Therefore, proper temperature growth conditions of wheat and barley grasses may be a convenient and efficient method to increase bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential in our diet to exploit the related health benefits.

Frequency Doubler and Universal Logic Gate Based on Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Transistors with Low Power Consumption.

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors are very promising candidates for future electronic applications with low power consumption due to a low leakage current and high on-off current ratio. In this study, we suggest a complementary circuit consisting of ambipolar WSe2 and n-MoS2 field-effect transistors (FETs), which demonstrate dual functions of a frequency doubler and single inversion AND (SAND) logic gate. In order to reduce the power consumption, a high-quality thin h-BN single crystal is used as a gate dielectric that leads to a low operating voltage of less than 5 V. By combining the low operating voltage with a low operating current in the complementary circuit, a low power consumption of 300 nW (a minimum of 10 pW) has been achieved, which is a significant improvement compared to the tens of µW consumed by a graphene channel. The complementary circuit shows the effective frequency doubling of the input with a dynamic range from 20 to 100 Hz. Furthermore, this circuit satisfies all the truth tables of a SAND logic gate that can be used as a universal logic gate like NAND. Considering that the NAND logic gate generally consists of four transistors, it is significantly advantageous to implement the equivalent circuit SAND logic gate with only two FETs. Our results open up possibilities for analog- and logic-circuit applications based on low-dimensional semiconductors.

Physicochemical and bioactive properties of a high ß-glucan barley variety 'Betaone' affected by germination processing.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of germination on the bioactive phytochemicals in the barley variety 'Betaone', which has high ß-glucan content. Betaone barley seeds were germinated for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h at 25 °C in a growth chamber. As the germination period progressed, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash levels increased, while starch content decreased. ß-Glucan content significantly decreased during the germination period. However, after 96 h of germination, it was still 4.31%, which is similar to the amount found in ordinary barley varieties. The α- and ß-amylase activities in Betaone barley increased, thereby significantly decreasing pasting viscosities (p ≤ 0.05), as germination progressed. The water absorption index increased in the early germination stage, subsequently decreasing as germination progressed. While the water solubility index fell in the first stage of germination, it subsequently increased as germination progressed. Oil absorption decreased as germination progressed. Bioactive compounds, in particular the total phenolic (122.84-322.67 µg/g), total flavonoid (32.20-124.09 µg/g), and GABA content (176.94-212.64 µg/g), increased as germination progressed. The antioxidative properties mainly DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity also increased during the germination period. Therefore, these findings could be a useful method for improving new products with enhanced bioactive phytochemicals.

Consumer Preference, Quality, and Safety of Organic and Conventional Fresh Fruits, Vegetables, and Cereals.

Growing and purchasing demand for organic fresh produce is increasing rapidly. Consumers are aware of health, environmental safety, pesticide harmfulness, nutrients, bioactive compounds, and safe food. Many research works are available on organic and conventional fresh produce. As organic fresh produce growing and purchasing demand is increasing, it has become necessary to review the recent trends in quality, safety, and consumer preferences of organic and conventional fresh food products. A few reports have been compiled on organic and conventional fresh produce. Researchers have started working on organic and conventional fresh produce with the help of modern technology to improve nutritional and functional quality, safety, and consumer preferences. Nutritional and functional quality, safety, and consumer preferences depend on cultivation techniques, treatment, crop cultivar, and appearance of products. Therefore, it is necessary to compile the literature on organic and conventional fresh produce based on quality, safety, and consumer preferences.

Grape terpenoids: flavor importance, genetic regulation, and future potential.

Terpenes significantly affect the flavor and quality of grapes and wine. This review summarizes recent research on terpenoids with regard to grape wine. Although, the grapevine terpene synthase gene family is the largest identified, genetic modifications involving terpenes to improve wine flavor have received little attention. Key enzyme modulation alters metabolite production. Over the last decade, the heterologous manipulation of grape glycosidase has been used to alter terpenoids, and cytochrome P450s may affect terpene synthesis. Metabolic and genetic engineering can further modify terpenoid metabolism, while using transgenic grapevines (trait transfer to the plant) could yield more flavorful wine. We also discuss traits involved in wine aroma quality, and the strategies that can be used to improve grapevine breeding technology.

Melt Blown Fiber-Assisted Solvent-Free Device Fabrication at Low-Temperature.

In this paper, we propose a solvent-free device fabrication method using a melt-blown (MB) fiber to minimize potential chemical and thermal damages to transition-metal-dichalcogenides (TMDCs)-based semiconductor channel. The fabrication process is composed of three steps; (1) MB fibers alignment as a shadow mask, (2) metal deposition, and (3) lifting-up MB fibers. The resulting WSe2-based p-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (PMOS) device shows an ON/OFF current ratio of ~2 × 105 (ON current of ~-40 µA) and a remarkable linear hole mobility of ~205 cm2/V·s at a drain voltage of -0.1 V. These results can be a strong evidence supporting that this MB fiber-assisted device fabrication can effectively suppress materials damage by minimizing chemical and thermal exposures. Followed by an MoS2-based n-type MOS (NMOS) device demonstration, a complementary MOS (CMOS) inverter circuit application was successfully implemented, consisted of an MoS2 NMOS and a WSe2 PMOS as a load and a driver transistor, respectively. This MB fiber-based device fabrication can be a promising method for future electronics based on chemically reactive or thermally vulnerable materials.

Influence of selenium biofortification on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of wheat microgreen extract.

The study was conducted to confirm the effects of selenium biofortification on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of wheat microgreen extract. The microgreens were cultivated in the DFT hydroponic system with different concentrations of Se (0 [control], 0.125, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mg/L from sodium selenite) in a growth chamber by controlling temperature (25/20 °C, day/night), light (12 h light/dark; intensity 150 µmol‧m-2‧s-1 with white fluorescence lamp), and humidity (60%) for 10 days. Se biofortification increased the germination rate and decreased microgreen length and yield. Chlorophyll and carotenoid levels increased in the Se-biofortified microgreen extract. Bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, vitamin C, and anthocyanin significantly increased in 0.25-0.50 mg/L of Se-biofortified microgreen extracts. Antioxidant (ABTS, DPPH, NSA and SOD-like) activity also increased at moderate levels (0.25-0.50 mg/L) of Se biofortification. Therefore, Se biofortification may be useful for the industrial manufacture of new products from wheat microgreen extract.

Comparative Analyses on the Bioactive Compounds and in Vitro Antioxidant Capacity of Tea Infusions Prepared from Selected Medicinal Fruits.

This study was conducted to analyze the bioactive compounds and in vitro antioxidant capacity of tea infusions prepared from whole and ground medicinal fruits, including gardenia, jujube, magnolia, quince, and wolfberries. The dried medicinal fruit samples were ground, and then passed through a 60-mesh sieve (pore size, 250 µm). Hot water (80 °C) infusions of whole and ground fruits were examined. In average of both whole and ground tea infusions, the maximum bioactive compounds were found in gardenia (ß-carotene, lycopene, and vitamin C), magnolia (total chlorophyll and anthocyanin), quince (flavonoid), and wolfberries (phenolic), and the maximum antioxidant capacity was found in quince (ABTS and DPPH) and wolfberries (NSA). Whole fruit tea infusions showed a higher brightness than the ground fruit tea infusions. The total chlorophyll, anthocyanin, ß-carotene, lycopene, phenolic, flavonoid, and vitamin C contents were found to be significantly (p≤0.001) higher in the ground fruit tea infusions than in the whole fruit tea infusions; additionally, the ground fruit tea infusions had a higher antioxidant capacity especially ABTS, DPPH and NSA. Therefore, the ground fruit tea infusions appeared to be more powerful with regard to the contents of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities than the whole fruit tea infusions.

Effect of salinity stress on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of wheat microgreen extract under organic cultivation conditions.

This study was conducted to confirm the effects of salinity stress on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of wheat microgreen extract. The microgreens were cultivated for 8 days in organic media with different concentrations of Na [0 (control), 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mM from sodium chloride] which was contained in a growth chamber with controlled temperature (20/15 °C, day/night), light (14/10 h, light/dark; intensity 150 µmol·m-2·s-1 with quantum dot light-emitting diodes), and humidity (60%). Treatment with increasing concentrations of Na resulted in an increase in the Na content of microgreens. Treatment with 12.5 mM of NaCl significantly maximized ß-carotene (1.21 µg/mL), phenolic acid (41.70 µg/mL), flavonoid (165.47 µg/mL), and vitamin C (29.51 µg/mL) levels and the nitrite-scavenging activities (37.33%) in wheat microgreen extracts. In addition, the salt-stress caused due to treatment with 25 mM of NaCl resulted in the highest anthocyanin (51.43 µg/mL), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (89.31%), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (63.28%) radical-scavenging activity. Therefore, attaining adequate levels of salt-stress may be useful for the industrial manufacturing of new products from wheat microgreen extract.

The Effect of Heat Processing on Chemical Composition and Antioxidative Activity of Tea Made from Barley Sprouts and Wheat Sprouts.

Barley sprouts and wheat sprouts have received much interest as functional foods in many countries. In this study, the effects of heat processing and extraction temperature on the bioactive components and antioxidative properties were examined in barley and wheat sprout teas. Both barley and wheat sprout teas were processed with two different methods (steaming or pan-roasting). Crude protein was increased, and moisture content was the lowest, in the roasted barley and wheat sprout teas. Total phenolics content and flavonoid contents were significantly higher in the roasted teas than in the steamed teas. Vitamin C content was the highest after an extraction temperature of 55 °C (24.05 mg/mL) in the roasted wheat sprout tea. Both roasted barley and wheat sprout teas exhibited the most antioxidative effects in vitro, demonstrated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and nitrite-scavenging activities. Therefore, the roasting method can be considered an appropriate technique for the production of barley and wheat sprout teas. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Barley and wheat sprouts have received much attention in recent years as functional food materials in many countries and can be consumed as a form of tea. Heat processing methods such as steaming and roasting were applied and compared to increase the bioactive components and antioxidative activity in barley and wheat sprout teas. We found that roasting showed higher bioactive components and antioxidative activity than steaming in both barley and wheat sprout teas. In addition, wheat sprouts tea showed better bioactive components and antioxidative activity compared with the barley sprout tea.

Effect of jet milling on the physicochemical properties, pasting properties, and in vitro starch digestibility of germinated brown rice flour.

Germinated brown rice (GBR) flours were prepared by hammer milling and jet milling. The effect of the milling on the physicochemical and pasting properties of the resultant flours were investigated. The jet milling of GBR resulted in flour with different particle sizes, which were air-classified into coarse and fine size fractions. As the particle size decreased, the amount of damaged starch increased. The WAI, WSI, and oil absorption of the jet-milled GBR flour was slightly lower than that of the hammer-milled flour. Increased α- and ß-amylase activities were observed in the coarse fraction of the jet-milled GBR flour compared with the hammer-milled and jet-milled fine fractions. The RVA viscosity profiles of the fine fraction of the jet-milled GBR flour were significantly higher than those of the hammer-milled or the coarse fraction of the jet-milled GBR flour. Compared with the hammer-milled flour, jet milling increased in vitro starch hydrolysis.

Homogeneous 2D MoTe2 p-n Junctions and CMOS Inverters formed by Atomic-Layer-Deposition-Induced Doping.

Recently, α-MoTe2 , a 2D transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD), has shown outstanding properties, aiming at future electronic devices. Such TMD structures without surface dangling bonds make the 2D α-MoTe2 a more favorable candidate than conventional 3D Si on the scale of a few nanometers. The bandgap of thin α-MoTe2 appears close to that of Si and is quite smaller than those of other typical TMD semiconductors. Even though there have been a few attempts to control the charge-carrier polarity of MoTe2 , functional devices such as p-n junction or complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) inverters have not been reported. Here, we demonstrate a 2D CMOS inverter and p-n junction diode in a single α-MoTe2 nanosheet by a straightforward selective doping technique. In a single α-MoTe2 flake, an initially p-doped channel is selectively converted to an n-doped region with high electron mobility of 18 cm2 V-1 s-1 by atomic-layer-deposition-induced H-doping. The ultrathin CMOS inverter exhibits a high DC voltage gain of 29, an AC gain of 18 at 1 kHz, and a low static power consumption of a few nanowatts. The results show a great potential of α-MoTe2 for future electronic devices based on 2D semiconducting materials.

Black Phosphorus-Zinc Oxide Nanomaterial Heterojunction for p-n Diode and Junction Field-Effect Transistor.

Black phosphorus (BP) nanosheet is two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor with distinct band gap and attracting recent attention from researches because it has some similarity to gapless 2D semiconductor graphene in the following two aspects: single element (P) for its composition and quite high mobilities depending on its fabrication conditions. Apart from several electronic applications reported with BP nanosheet, here we report for the first time BP nanosheet-ZnO nanowire 2D-1D heterojunction applications for p-n diodes and BP-gated junction field effect transistors (JFETs) with n-ZnO channel on glass. For these nanodevices, we take advantages of the mechanical flexibility of p-type conducting of BP and van der Waals junction interface between BP and ZnO. As a result, our BP-ZnO nanodimension p-n diode displays a high ON/OFF ratio of ∼10(4) in static rectification and shows kilohertz dynamic rectification as well while ZnO nanowire channel JFET operations are nicely demonstrated by BP gate switching in both electrostatics and kilohertz dynamics.

Comparative evaluation of nutritional compositions between transgenic rice harboring the CaMsrB2 gene and the conventional counterpart.

As a part of a safety assessment of new transgenic crops, compositional equivalence studies between transgenic crops with non-transgenic comparators are almost universally required. This study was conducted to compare nutritional profiles of proximate composition, and fatty acid, amino acid, mineral, and vitamin contents, and anti-nutrients, between transgenic drought-tolerant Agb0103 rice harboring the pepper methionine sulfoxide reductase B2 gene CaMsrB2 and the parental rice cultivar, 'Ilmi' as a non-transgenic control. Both transgenic and non-transgenic rice were grown and harvested in 2 different locations. Proximate compositions of moisture, starch, protein, lipid, and ash content of Agb0103 rice were similar to parental non-transgenic rice. There were no differences between transgenic and non-transgenic rice with respect to the whole nutritional composition, except for minor locality differences for a few nutritional components. Agb0103 rice with improved resistance to drought is nutritionally equivalent to the parental rice cultivar.

Nonvolatile Ferroelectric Memory Circuit Using Black Phosphorus Nanosheet-Based Field-Effect Transistors with P(VDF-TrFE) Polymer.

Two-dimensional van der Waals (2D vdWs) materials are a class of new materials that can provide important resources for future electronics and materials sciences due to their unique physical properties. Among 2D vdWs materials, black phosphorus (BP) has exhibited significant potential for use in electronic and optoelectronic applications because of its allotropic properties, high mobility, and direct and narrow band gap. Here, we demonstrate a few-layered BP-based nonvolatile memory transistor with a poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) ferroelectric top gate insulator. Experiments showed that our BP-based ferroelectric transistors operate satisfactorily at room temperature in ambient air and exhibit a clear memory window. Unlike conventional ambipolar BP transistors, our ferroelectric transistors showed only p-type characteristics due to the carbon-fluorine (C-F) dipole effect of the P(VDF-TrFE) layer, as well as the highest linear mobility value of 1159 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) with a 10(3) on/off current ratio. For more advanced memory applications beyond unit memory devices, we implemented two memory inverter circuits, a resistive-load inverter circuit and a complementary inverter circuit, combined with an n-type molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheet. Our memory inverter circuits displayed a clear memory window of 15 V and memory output voltage efficiency of 95%.

Dual Gate Black Phosphorus Field Effect Transistors on Glass for NOR Logic and Organic Light Emitting Diode Switching.

We have fabricated dual gate field effect transistors (FETs) with 12 nm-thin black phosphorus (BP) channel on glass substrate, where our BP FETs have a patterned-gate architecture with 30 nm-thick Al2O3 dielectrics on top and bottom of a BP channel. Top gate dielectric has simultaneously been used as device encapsulation layer, controlling the threshold voltage of FETs as well when FETs mainly operate under bottom gate bias. Bottom, top, and dual gate-controlling mobilities were estimated to be 277, 92, and 213 cm(2)/V s, respectively. Maximum ON-current was measured to be ∼5 µA at a drain voltage of -0.1 V but to be as high as ∼50 µA at -1 V, while ON/OFF current ratio appeared to be 3.6 × 10(3) V. As a result, our dual gate BP FETs demonstrate organic light emitting diode (OLED) switching for green and blue OLEDs, also demonstrating NOR logic functions by separately using top- and bottom-input.