Ameliorating effects of Orostachys japonica against high-fat diet-induced obesity and gut dysbiosis.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Orostachys japonica (rock pine) has been used as a folk remedy to treat inflammation, hepatitis, and cancer in East Asia. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rock pine extract (RPE) on high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice and to examine its effects on gut dysbiosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The characteristic compound of RPE, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. The prebiotic potential of RPE was evaluated by assessing the prebiotic activity score obtained using four prebiotic strains and high-fat (HF)-induced obesity C57BL/6 mice model. Analysis included examining the lipid metabolism and inflammatory proteins and evaluating the changes in gut permeability and metabolites to elucidate the potential signaling pathways involved. RESULTS: In vitro, RPE enhanced the proliferation of beneficial probiotic strains, including Lactiplantibacillus and Bifidobacterium. HF-induced model showed that the administration of 100 mg/kg/day of RPE for 8 weeks significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the body weight, serum lipid levels, and insulin resistance, which were associated with notable changes in lipid metabolism and inflammation-related markers. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that rock pine consumption could mitigate obesity and metabolic endotoxemia in HF-fed mice through enhancing intestinal environment.

Diet-Induced Gut Dysbiosis and Leaky Gut Syndrome.

Chronic gut inflammation promotes the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity. There is growing evidence which suggests that dysbiosis in gut microbiota and metabolites disrupt the integrity of the intestinal barrier and significantly impact the level of inflammation in various tissues, including the liver and adipose tissues. Moreover, dietary sources are connected to the development of leaky gut syndrome through their interaction with the gut microbiota. This review examines the effects of these factors on intestinal microorganisms and the communication pathways between the gut-liver and gut-brain axis. The consumption of diets rich in fats and carbohydrates has been found to weaken the adherence of tight junction proteins in the gastrointestinal tract. Consequently, this allows endotoxins, such as lipopolysaccharides produced by detrimental bacteria, to permeate through portal veins, leading to metabolic endotoxemia and alterations in the gut microbiome composition with reduced production of metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids. However, the precise correlation between gut microbiota and alternative sweeteners remains uncertain, necessitating further investigation. This study highlights the significance of exploring the impact of diet on gut microbiota and the underlying mechanisms in the gut-liver and gut-brain axis. Nevertheless, limited research on the gut-liver axis poses challenges in comprehending the intricate connections between diet and the gut-brain axis. This underscores the need for comprehensive studies to elucidate the intricate gut-brain mechanisms underlying intestinal health and microbiota.

Thyme Extract Alleviates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Gut Dysfunction.

Prolonged intake of a high-fat diet (HFD) disturbs the composition of gut microbiota, contributing to the development of metabolic diseases, notably obesity and increased intestinal permeability. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), an aromatic plant, is known for its several therapeutic properties. In this study, we explored the potential of thyme extract (TLE) to mitigate HFD-induced metabolic derangements and improve the gut environment. Eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice were administered 50 or 100 mg/kg TLE for eight weeks. Administration of 100 mg/kg TLE resulted in decreased weight gain and body fat percentage, alongside the regulation of serum biomarkers linked to obesity induced by a HFD. Moreover, TLE enhanced intestinal barrier function by increasing the expression of tight junction proteins and ameliorated colon shortening. TLE also altered the levels of various metabolites. Especially, when compared with a HFD, it was confirmed that 2-hydroxypalmitic acid and 3-indoleacrylic acid returned to normal levels after TLE treatment. Additionally, we investigated the correlation between fecal metabolites and metabolic parameters; deoxycholic acid displayed a positive correlation with most parameters, except for colon length. In contrast, hypoxanthine was negatively correlated with most parameters. These results suggest a promising role for thyme in ameliorating obesity and related gut conditions associated with a HFD.

Investigation of Drug-Interaction Potential for Arthritis Dietary Supplements: Chondroitin Sulfate, Glucosamine, and Methylsulfonylmethane.

Osteoarthritis is one of the leading conditions that promote the consumption of these dietary supplements. Chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine, and methylsulfonylmethane are among the prominent alternative treatments for osteoarthritis. In this study, these dietary supplements were incubated with cytochrome P450 isozyme-specific substrates in human liver microsomes, and the formation of marker metabolites was measured to investigate their inhibitory potential on cytochrome P450 enzyme activities. The results revealed no significant inhibitory effects on seven CYPs, consistent with established related research data. Therefore, these substances are anticipated to have a low potential for cytochrome P450-mediated drug interactions with osteoarthritis medications that are likely to be co-administered. However, given the previous reports of interaction cases involving glucosamine, caution is advised regarding dietary supplement-drug interactions.

Prebiotic and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Radish Green Polysaccharide.

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) greens are consumed as a source of nutrition, and their polysaccharides such as rhamnogalacturonan-I possess certain beneficial properties. This study investigated the prebiotic effects of a radish green polysaccharide (RGP) on gut health and obesity. The prebiotic activity of RGP was evaluated based on the pH changes and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration. The results showed that 0.5% RGP had a higher prebiotic activity score than inulin and increased SCFAs production in all five prebiotic strains. Moreover, RGP inhibited fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, indicating its potential to reduce obesity. Overall, these findings suggested that the polysaccharide of radish greens has prebiotic effects and may serve as a beneficial prebiotic for gut health and obesity.

Serial Hydrolysis for the Simultaneous Analysis of Catecholamines and Steroids in the Urine of Patients with Alopecia Areata.

Catecholamines and steroids are well-known neurotransmitters and hormones that rapidly change the excitability of neurons. Alopecia areata is a disease for which the exact cause is unknown, but it is considered to be associated with stress, and so the simultaneous analysis of catecholamines and steroids is required for the diagnosis of alopecia areata. Thus, we herein report the simultaneous analysis of catecholamines and steroids bearing different functional groups for the first time, during which it was necessary to carry out a serial hydrolysis procedure. Following hydrolysis of the urine samples to produce the free forms from the urinary conjugates, ethyl acetate extractions were carried out, and chemical derivatization was performed using dansyl chloride to increase the sensitivity of the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The matrix effects and recoveries of this analytical method were validated, giving values of 85.4-122.9% and 88.8-123.0%, respectively. In addition, the method accuracy and precision were assessed, giving values of 0.4-21.5% and 2.0-21.6% for the intra-day and inter-day precisions, respectively. This validated method was then applied to identify differences between patients with and without alopecia areata, wherein the metanephrine content was found to be significantly higher in the alopecia areata patient group. This quantitative profiling method can also be applied to steroid-dependent diseases, as well as catecholamine-related diseases.

Alterations in Pattern Baldness According to Sex: Hair Metabolomics Approach.

Pattern baldness has been associated with the male hormone, dihydrotestosterone. In this study, we tried to determine how the overall metabolic pathways of pattern baldness differ in patients and in normal controls. Our study aimed to identify alterations in hair metabolomic profiles in order to identify possible markers of pattern baldness according to sex. Untargeted metabolomics profiling in pattern baldness patients and control subjects was conducted using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. To identify significantly altered metabolic pathways, partial least squares discriminant analysis was performed. Our analysis indicated differences in steroid biosynthesis pathway in both males and females. However, there was a remarkable difference in the androgen metabolic pathway in males, and the estrogen metabolic and arachidonic acid pathways in females. For the first time, we were able to confirm the metabolic pathway in pattern baldness patients using hair samples. Our finding improves understanding of pattern baldness and highlights the need to link pattern baldness and sex-related differences.

A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the clinical effects of aroma inhalation therapy on sleep problems.

BACKGROUND: This systematic review investigated the clinical effects of inhalation aromatherapy for the treatment of sleep problems such as insomnia. METHODS: Studies on sleep problems and inhalation aromatherapy, published in Korean and international journals, were included in the meta-analysis. Five domestic and international databases, respectively each, were used for the literature search. Keywords included sleep disorder, sleep problems, insomnia, and aroma inhalation, and the related literature was further searched. After the screening, selected articles were assessed for their quality and conducted the risk of bias using RevMan 5.0, a systematic literature review was then conducted. A meta-analysis comparing the averages was conducted on studies that reported numerical values. Additionally, meta-analysis of variance and meta-regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Meta-analysis of the 34 studies using the random-effects model revealed that the use of aromatherapy was highly effective in improving sleep problems such as insomnia, including quantitative and qualitative sleep effects (95% confidence interval [CI], effect sizes = 0.6491). Subgroup analysis revealed that the secondary outcomes including stress, depression, anxiety, and fatigue were significantly effective. The single aroma inhalation method was more effective than the mixed aroma inhalation method. Among the single inhalation methods, the lavender inhalation effect was the greatest. CONCLUSION: Inhalation aromatherapy is effective in improving sleep problems such as insomnia. Therefore, it is essential to develop specific guidelines for the efficient inhalation of aromatherapy. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval is not required because individual patient data are not included. The findings of this systematic review were disseminated through peer-reviewed publications or conference presentations. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020142120.

Simultaneous Determination of Polyamines and Steroids in Human Serum from Breast Cancer Patients Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

A simultaneous quantitative profiling method for polyamines and steroids using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated. We applied this method to human serum samples to simultaneously evaluate polyamine and steroid levels. Chemical derivatization was performed using isobutyl chloroformate to increase the sensitivity of polyamines. The method was validated, and the matrix effects were in the range of 78.7-126.3% and recoveries were in the range of 87.8-123.6%. Moreover, the intra-day accuracy and precision were in the ranges of 86.5-116.2% and 0.6-21.8%, respectively, whereas the inter-day accuracy and precision were in the ranges of 82.0-119.3% and 0.3-20.2%, respectively. The linearity was greater than 0.99. The validated method was used to investigate the differences in polyamine and steroid levels between treated breast cancer patients and normal controls. In our results, N-acetyl putrescine, N-acetyl spermidine, cadaverine, 1,3-diaminopropane, and epitestosterone were significantly higher in the breast cancer patient group. Through receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, all metabolites that were significantly increased in patient groups with areas under the curve >0.8 were shown. This mass spectrometry-based quantitative profiling method, used for the investigation of breast cancer, is also applicable to androgen-dependent diseases and polyamine-related diseases.

Role of the global gut microbial community in the development of colitis-associated cancer in a murine model.

The gut microbiota has been implicated in the development of colitis-associated cancer (CAC). We investigated how the gut microbiota affects the development of CAC when the composition of the microbial community is altered by the administration of various antibiotics in a murine model. C57BL/6 mice were given intraperitoneal injection of 12.5 mg/kg azoxymethane (AOM), followed by two rounds of 2.0 % dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) exposure. Antibiotics, including ampicillin, neomycin, metronidazole, and/or vancomycin, were administered 14 days prior to AOM injection until the end of the experiment. High-throughput sequencing of mice feces was conducted to evaluate alterations of the gut microbiota. Tumorigenesis and inflammation were most markedly suppressed in the mice treated with an antibiotic cocktail therapy consisting of ampicillin, neomycin, metronidazole, and vancomycin. Individual antibiotic treatments had different effects on tumorigenesis and inflammation. Metronidazole attenuated both tumorigenesis and inflammation. Neomycin suppressed tumorigenesis but did not alleviate inflammation. Ampicillin and vancomycin did not significantly attenuate either tumorigenesis or inflammation. Antimicrobial therapy differentially altered the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota depending on antibiotic type. The phyla Proteobacteria and Tenericutes were positively correlated with tumor burden. Colon tumorigenesis was attenuated through various antibiotics in the AOM/DSS-induced CAC model. Individual antibiotics differentially altered the gut microbial composition and showed different effects on tumor suppression; however, the degree of tumor suppression was less pronounced than that relative to the antibiotic cocktail therapy, suggesting that the global gut microbial community plays an important role in the development of CAC.

Untargeted Metabolomics and Polyamine Profiling in Serum before and after Surgery in Colorectal Cancer Patients.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in Korea and globally. In this study, we aimed to characterize the differential serum metabolomic profiles between pre-operative and post-operative patients with colorectal cancer. To investigate the significant metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with colorectal cancer, we analyzed serum samples from 68 patients (aged 20-71, mean 57.57 years). Untargeted and targeted metabolomics profiling in patients with colorectal cancer were performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Untargeted analysis identified differences in sphingolipid metabolism, steroid biosynthesis, and arginine and proline metabolism in pre- and post-operative patients with colorectal cancer. We then performed quantitative target profiling of polyamines, synthesized from arginine and proline metabolism, to identify potential polyamines that may serve as effective biomarkers for colorectal cancer. Results indicate a significantly reduced serum concentration of putrescine in post-operative patients compared to pre-operative patients. Our metabolomics approach provided insights into the physiological alterations in patients with colorectal cancer after surgery.

Untargeted Metabolomics and Steroid Signatures in Urine of Male Pattern Baldness Patients after Finasteride Treatment for a Year.

Male pattern baldness (MPB) has been associated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) expression. Finasteride treats MPB by inhibiting 5-alpha reductase and blocking DHT production. In this study, we aimed to identify metabolic differences in urinary metabolomics profiles between MPB patients after a one-year treatment with finasteride and healthy controls. Untargeted and targeted metabolomics profiling was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We hypothesized that there would be changes in overall metabolite concentrations, especially steroids, in the urine of hair loss patients treated with finasteride and normal subjects. Untargeted analysis indicated differences in steroid hormone biosynthesis. Therefore, we conducted targeted profiling for steroid hormone biosynthesis to identify potential biomarkers, especially androgens and estrogens. Our study confirmed the differences in the concentration of urinary androgens and estrogens between healthy controls and MPB patients. Moreover, the effect of finasteride was confirmed by the DHT/T ratio in urine samples of MPB patients. Our metabolomics approach provided insight into the physiological alterations in MPB patients who have been treated with finasteride for a year and provided evidence for the association of finasteride and estrogen levels. Through a targeted approach, our results suggest that urinary estrogens must be studied in relation to MPB and post-finasteride syndrome.

Sex-related differences in urinary immune-related metabolic profiling of alopecia areata patients.

INTRODUCTION: Alopecia areata is a well-known autoimmune disease affecting humans. Polyamines are closely associated with proliferation and inflammation, and steroid hormones are involved in immune responses. Additionally, bile acids play roles in immune homeostasis by activating various signaling pathways; however, the roles of these substances and their metabolites in alopecia areata remain unclear. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to identify differences in metabolite levels in urine samples from patients with alopecia areata and healthy controls. METHODS: To assess polyamine, androgen, and bile acid concentrations, we performed high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Our results showed that spermine and dehydroepiandrosterone levels differed significantly between male patients and controls, whereas ursodeoxycholic acid levels were significantly higher in female patients with alopecia areata than in controls. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested different urinary polyamine, androgen, and bile acid concentrations between alopecia areata patients and normal controls. Additionally, levels of endogenous substances varied according to sex, and this should be considered when developing appropriate treatments and diagnostic techniques. Our findings improve our understanding of polyamine, androgen, and bile acid profiles in patients with alopecia areata and highlight the need to consider sex-related differences.

Altered polyamine profiling in the hair of patients with androgenic alopecia and alopecia areata.

Hair follicles are among the most highly proliferative tissues. Polyamines are associated with proliferation, and several polyamines including spermidine and spermine play anti-inflammatory roles. Androgenic alopecia results from increased dihydrotestosterone metabolism, and alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease. This study aimed to investigate differences in polyamine profiles in hair samples between patients with androgenic alopecia and alopecia areata. Polyamine concentrations were determined through high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hair samples were derivatized with isobutyl chloroformate. Differences in polyamine levels were observed between androgenic alopecia and alopecia areata compared with normal controls. In particular, polyamine levels were higher in alopecia areata patients than in normal controls. Certain polyamines displayed different concentrations between the androgenic alopecia and alopecia areata groups, suggesting that some polyamines, particularly N-acetyl putrescine (P = 0.007) and N-acetyl cadaverine (P = 0.0021), are significantly different in androgenic alopecia. Furthermore, spermidine (P = 0.021) was significantly different in alopecia areata. Our findings suggest that non-invasive quantification of hair polyamines may help distinguish between androgenic alopecia and alopecia areata. Our study provides novel insights into physiological alterations in patients with androgenic alopecia and those with alopecia areata and reveals some differences in polyamine levels in hair loss diseases with two different modes of action.

Distribution of polyamines may be altered in different scalp regions of patients with hair loss.

Hair loss, from the vertex or front of the head, generally occurs due to increased androgenic steroid levels. Androgenic steroids, particularly testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, are distributed differently across the vertex and occipital regions and are involved in inducing ornithine decarboxylase expression. Therefore, we hypothesized that the distribution of polyamines may be altered in different scalp regions. For the overall metabolic profiling of polyamines in patients with hair loss, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used. We investigated the differential polyamine levels in different regions of the hair of patients with male pattern baldness and those with female pattern hair loss. The levels of most polyamines were higher in the vertex region than in the occipital region, and N-acetyl polyamine levels differed significantly. We proposed to test our hypothesis by profiling polyamines in human hair fibre to evaluate the distribution of metabolites in various regions of the scalp.

Evaluation of gastric microbiome and metagenomic function in patients with intestinal metaplasia using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

BACKGROUND: Despite recent advances in studies on the gastric microbiome, the role of the non-Helicobacter pylori gastric microbiome in gastric carcinogenesis remains unclear. We evaluated the characteristics of the gastric microbiome and metagenomic functions in patients with IM. METHODS: Participants were classified into six groups according to disease status (chronic superficial gastritis [CSG], intestinal metaplasia [IM], and cancer) and H. pylori- infection status (H. pylori-positive and H. pylori-negative). The gastric microbiome was analyzed in mucosal tissues at the gastric antrum by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Moreover, we assessed the metagenome including the type IV secretion system (T4SS) gene, as T4SS proteins are essential for transferring CagA from H. pylori- into the human gastric epithelium. RESULTS: Among the 138 included patients, 48, 9, 23, 14, 12, and 32 were classified into the H. pylori-negative CSG, H. pylori-negative IM, H. pylori-negative cancer, H. pylori-positive CSG, H. pylori-positive IM, and H. pylori-positive cancer groups, respectively. Cyanobacteria were predominant in the H. pylori-negative CSG group compared to in the H. pylori-negative IM and H. pylori-negative cancer groups (H. pylori-negative CSG vs H. pylori-negative IM vs H. pylori-negative cancer: 14.0% vs 4.2% vs 0.04%, P < 0.001). In contrast, Rhizobiales were commonly observed in the H. pylori-negative IM group (H. pylori-negative CSG vs H. pylori-negative IM vs H. pylori-negative cancer: 1.9% vs 15.4% vs 2.8%, P < 0.001). The relative abundance of Rhizobiales increased as H. pylori-infected stomachs progressed from gastritis to IM. In the H. pylori-negative IM group, genes encoding T4SS were prevalent among the metagenome. Additionally, after H. pylori- eradication therapy, the gastric microbiome was similar to the microbiome observed after spontaneous clearance of H. pylori-. CONCLUSIONS: The relative abundance of Rhizobiales was higher in patients with H. pylori-negative IM than in those with H. pylori-negative CSG or cancer. Additionally, T4SS genes were highly observed in the metagenome of patients with IM. Highly abundant T4SS proteins in these patients may promote gastric carcinogenesis.

Role of Fusobacteria in the serrated pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis.

Fusobacteria are associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) and are amplified during colorectal carcinogenesis. Compared to the adenoma-carcinoma sequence of carcinogenesis, serrated neoplasm has distinct clinical features and a different molecular background. We aimed to compare the gut microbiome between tubular adenoma (TA) and sessile serrated adenoma/polyp (SSA/P). Patients with TA, SSA/P, or CRC were recruited. Three pieces of colorectal mucosal tissue were obtained from each patient by endoscopic biopsy. 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) were performed. Among 26 enrolled patients, 8, 10, and 8 had TA, SSA/P, and CRC, respectively. The relative abundance of Fusobacteria did not differ significantly between the TA and SSA/P groups (4.3% and 1.9%, P = 0.739) but was higher in the CRC group (33.8%) than in the TA or SSA/P group, respectively (TA vs. CRC, P = 0.002, false discovery rate [FDR] = 0.023; SSA/P vs. CRC, P < 0.001, FDR = 0.001). PICRUSt revealed that most functions in the TA metagenome were similar to those in the SSA/P metagenome. The gut microbiome, including relative abundance of Fusobacteria, did not differ between TA and SSA/P, suggesting that Fusobacteria may contribute to both the serrated pathway and the adenoma-carcinoma sequence.

Treatment and survival of patients with occult breast cancer with axillary lymph node metastasis: a nationwide retrospective study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Occult breast cancer (OBC) accounts for 0.3-1.0% of all breast cancers and is a rare presentation of the disease. The present retrospective study examined the overall survival and prognostic factors associated with OBC in Korea. METHOD: The study included 142 OBC patients identified from the Korean Breast Cancer Society cancer registry from January 1990 to December 2009. All patients had pathologically positive axillary lymph nodes (N1-N3) and pathologically and radiologically negative in-breast lesions (T0/Tx) based on a retrospective review of the database. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences in overall survival were observed between patients undergoing axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) only (80.8%), breast conserving surgery (BCS) with ALND (98.0%), and mastectomy with ALND (92.5%) with P-value of 0.061. Nodal status was a significant prognostic factor (P = 0.004) on univariate analysis. When compared with T1 patients group, T0/TxN1 patients showed better survival than T1N1 patients (hazard ratio [HR] 0.253; 95% confidence interval, 0.104-0.618; P = 0.003), but T0/TxN2, T0/TxN3 patients showed similar survival to T1N2, T1N3 patients. CONCLUSIONS: OBC patients treated with ALND only showed comparable outcomes to those undergoing ALND combined with BCS or mastectomy. Nodal status may be an independent predictor of poor outcome in OBC patients.

Survival outcomes of different treatment methods for the ipsilateral breast of occult breast cancer patients with axillary lymph node metastasis: a single center experience.

PURPOSE: This study compared the survival outcomes of different treatment methods for the ipsilateral breast of occult breast cancer (OBC) patients with axillary lymph node metastasis. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in which forty OBC patients with axillary lymph node metastasis were identified out of 15,029 patients who had been diagnosed with a primary breast cancer at between 1992 and 2010. The patients were categorized into three treatment groups based on ipsilateral breast management: breast-conserving surgery (BCS) (n=17), mastectomy (n=12), and nonsurgical intervention with or without radiation therapy (No surgery with or without radiation therapy [No Op±RT]) (n=11). All patients underwent axillary lymph node dissection. Cases were evaluated based on treatment and potential prognostic factors with respect to overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS: During the follow-up period (median follow-up of 71.5 months), the overall OS and DFS were 76.9% and 74.9%, respectively. The 5-year treatment-specific OS was 72.0% for the BCS group, 74.0% for the mastectomy group, and 87.5% for the No Op±RT group (log-rank p=0.49). The 5-year DFS was 70.6% for the BCS group, 66.7% for the mastectomy group, and 90.9% for the No Op±RT group (log-rank p=0.36). Recurrence rates for the BCS and No Op±RT groups were 5.9% and 18.2%, respectively. Histologic grade and lymph node status were inversely correlated with DFS (log-rank p=0.04 and p<0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: There was no difference in survival outcomes between the three treatment methods for the ipsilateral breast (mastectomy, BCS, and No Op±RT) of OBC patients with axillary lymph node metastasis. A large-scale multicenter study is needed to validate the results from this small retrospective study.