ABSTRACT
Purpose: The containment of the population during the COVID-19 pandemic led to the emergence or recurrence of psychiatric conditions and sleep disorders. The influence of sleep/wake rhythm on mental health is well known. The objective of our study was to evaluate the link between the shift in sleep/wake rhythm and the presence of depressive symptoms during the March to May 2020 lockdown in the French population. Participants and Methods: Participants (n = 2513) were recruited via newspapers and social networks in March 2020. We evaluated i) the chronotype before and during the lockdown, assessed by the change in mid-sleep time on work-free days corrected for sleep debt on workdays (delta MSFsc); ii) morningness-eveningness circadian preference (Horne & Ostberg questionnaire); iii) depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9, PHQ-9). The delta MSFsc and the PHQ-9 score were compared between circadian preference types. A multivariate model adjusted for age, sex, circadian preference, housing type, and marital status was used to assess the influence of delta MSFsc on the PHQ-9 score in the whole population. Results: The population consisted of 77% women, of median (IQR) age 39 (30-48) years. Compared with the pre-lockdown period, the median (IQR) MSFsc was shifted by 30 (0-66) min during the lockdown, with a significant difference between evening [60 (15-120) min], morning [15 (0-46) min] and neutral [30 (0-70) min] circadian type individuals, p < 0.001. One-third of all participants had moderate to severe depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 10). A 1-hour shift in MSFsc was associated with a 0.50-point increase [95% CI (0.28; 0.72), p < 0.001] in the PHQ-9. Conclusion: A phase delay in the chronotype was observed in the general population during lockdown. Such disruption was associated with depressive symptoms but the direction of the relationship remains hypothetical. The impact on mental health of preventive measures targeting the sleep/wake rhythm in this context needs further evaluation.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: There has been a recent impetus to develop short and portable instruments for the cognitive assessment of patients with schizophrenia in clinical settings, but direct comparative data are lacking. The objectives of the present study were to compare the psychometric properties of two such batteries, the BACS (Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia) and the RBANS (Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status). METHODS: The French version of the BACS and the RBANS was administered to 36 patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, and 14 healthy controls. A subgroup of patients was also tested with a standard battery (WAIS-III). RESULTS: Both instruments were easily administrable. Internal consistency was satisfying (global scale reliability alphas of 0.90 for the BACS, and 0.87 for the RBANS), although some sub-scores from the RBANS decreased the overall consistency of the instrument. BACS and RBANS composite scores were highly correlated to verbal, non-verbal and total WAIS-III scores (BACS: r=0.727, 0.865 and 0.857, respectively; RBANS: r=0.843, 0.747 and 0.875, respectively). Patients underperformed controls by a magnitude of 1.81 SD (BACS), and 0.78 SD (RBANS), after adjusting for education. Both batteries showed good test-retest reliability, except for three sub-scores from the RBANS. CONCLUSION: The psychometric properties and ease of use of the BACS and the RBANS were overall satisfying. The BACS demonstrated better internal consistency and test-retest reliability than the RBANS and was nominally more sensitive to diagnosis.
