Cranial surgery in antiquity: the size of trepanations during the Neolithic period in France.

The trepanation, a surgical procedure performed on the skull, finds its roots in prehistoric times. This investigation delves into the analysis of the trepanned skulls housed at the Musée de l'Homme in Paris, focusing on those found in France, a region abundant in archaeological evidence of early neurosurgical techniques. With the opportunity to scrutinize these human remains, our study aimed to analyze the dimensions of Neolithic trepanations across 41 skulls. We particularly explored the relationships between minimum and maximum hole diameters, revealing a strong interrelation. Additionally, we successfully applied a straightforward protocol to determine the perforation area in ten Neolithic trepanations. These findings shed light on the medical practices of ancient civilizations, particularly in France during the Neolithic era. Moreover, this study underscores the significance of museum collections as valuable resources for scientific inquiry and the historical understanding of medicine.

Changes of in vivo electrical conductivity in the brain and torso related to age, fat fraction and sex using MRI.

This work was inspired by the observation that a majority of MR-electrical properties tomography studies are based on direct comparisons with ex vivo measurements carried out on post-mortem samples in the 90's. As a result, the in vivo conductivity values obtained from MRI in the megahertz range in different types of tissues (brain, liver, tumors, muscles, etc.) found in the literature may not correspond to their ex vivo equivalent, which still serves as a reference for electromagnetic modelling. This study aims to pave the way for improving current databases since the definition of personalized electromagnetic models (e.g. for Specific Absorption Rate estimation) would benefit from better estimation. Seventeen healthy volunteers underwent MRI of both brain and thorax/abdomen using a three-dimensional ultrashort echo-time (UTE) sequence. We estimated conductivity (S/m) in several classes of macroscopic tissue using a customized reconstruction method from complex UTE images, and give general statistics for each of these regions (mean-median-standard deviation). These values are used to find possible correlations with biological parameters such as age, sex, body mass index and/or fat volume fraction, using linear regression analysis. In short, the collected in vivo values show significant deviations from the ex vivo values in conventional databases, and we show significant relationships with the latter parameters in certain organs for the first time, e.g. a decrease in brain conductivity with age.

Phantom evaluation of electrical conductivity mapping by MRI: Comparison to vector network analyzer measurements and spatial resolution assessment.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the performance of various MR electrical properties tomography (MR-EPT) methods at 3 T in terms of absolute quantification and spatial resolution limit for electrical conductivity. METHODS: Absolute quantification as well as spatial resolution performance were evaluated on homogeneous phantoms and a phantom with holes of different sizes, respectively. Ground-truth conductivities were measured with an open-ended coaxial probe connected to a vector network analyzer (VNA). Four widely used MR-EPT reconstruction methods were investigated: phase-based Helmholtz (PB), phase-based convection-reaction (PB-cr), image-based (IB), and generalized-image-based (GIB). These methods were compared using the same complex images from a 1 mm-isotropic UTE sequence. Alternative transceive phase acquisition sequences were also compared in PB and PB-cr. RESULTS: In large homogeneous phantoms, all methods showed a strong correlation with ground truth conductivities (r > 0.99); however, GIB was the best in terms of accuracy, spatial uniformity, and robustness to boundary artifacts. In the resolution phantom, the normalized root-mean-squared error of all methods grew rapidly (>0.40) when the hole size was below 10 mm, with simplified methods (PB and IB), or below 5 mm, with generalized methods (PB-cr and GIB). CONCLUSION: VNA measurements are essential to assess the accuracy of MR-EPT. In this study, all tested MR-EPT methods correlated strongly with the VNA measurements. The UTE sequence is recommended for MR-EPT, with the GIB method providing good accuracy for structures down to 5 mm. Structures below 5 mm may still be detected in the conductivity maps, but with significantly lower accuracy.

An Adaptative Savitzky-Golay Kernel for Laplacian Estimation in Magnetic Resonance Electrical Property Tomography.

Magnetic Resonance electrical property tomography (MR-EPT) is a non-invasive imaging modality that reconstructs the living biological tissue's conductivity σ and εr permittivity using spatial derivatives of the measured RF field, also termed B1 data, in a magnetic resonance imaging system. The spatial derivative operator, particularly the Laplacian, amplifies the noise in the reconstructed electrical property (EP) maps, hence decreasing accuracy and increasing boundary artifacts. We propose a novel adaptative convolution kernel for generating numerical derivatives based on 3D Savitzky-Golay (SG) filters and local segmentation in a magnitude image. In comparison to typical SG kernel, the proposed kernel allows arbitrary shapes and sizes to vary with local tissue. It provides an automatic trade-off between noise and resolution, thereby significantly enhancing reconstruction accuracy and eliminating boundary artifacts.

Water-in-PDMS Emulsion Templating of Highly Interconnected Porous Architectures for 3D Cell Culture.

The development of advanced techniques of fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments for the study of cell growth and proliferation has become one of the major motivations of material scientists and bioengineers in the past decade. Here, we present a novel residueless 3D structuration technique of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) by water-in-PDMS emulsion casting and subsequent curing process in temperature-/pressure-controlled environment. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microcomputed tomography allowed us to investigate the impact of those parameters on the microarchitecture of the porous structure. We demonstrated that the optimized emulsion casting process gives rise to large-scale and highly interconnected network with pore size ranging from 500 µm to 1.5 mm that turned out to be nicely adapted to 3D cell culture. Experimental cell culture validations were performed using SaOS-2 (osteosarcoma) cell lines. Epifluorescence and deep penetration imaging techniques as two-photon confocal microscopy unveiled information about cell morphology and confirmed a homogeneous cell proliferation and spatial distribution in the 3D porous structure within an available volume larger than 1 cm3. These results open alternative scenarios for the fabrication and integration of porous scaffolds for the development of 3D cell culture platforms.

A screening tool for psychological difficulties in children aged 6 to 36 months: cross-cultural validation in Kenya, Cambodia and Uganda.

BACKGROUND: In low-resource settings, the lack of mental health professionals and cross-culturally validated screening instruments complicates mental health care delivery. This is especially the case for very young children. Here, we aimed to develop and cross-culturally validate a simple and rapid tool, the PSYCa 6-36, that can be administered by non-professionals to screen for psychological difficulties among children aged six to 36 months. METHODS: A primary validation of the PSYCa 6-36 was conducted in Kenya (n = 319 children aged 6 to 36 months; 2014), followed by additional validations in Kenya (n = 215; 2014) Cambodia (n = 189; 2015) and Uganda (n = 182; 2016). After informed consent, trained interviewers administered the PSYCa 6-36 to caregivers participating in the study. We assessed the psychometric properties of the PSYCa 6-36 and external validity was assessed by comparing the results of the PSYCa 6-36 against a clinical global impression severity [CGIS] score rated by an independent psychologist after a structured clinical interview with each participant. RESULTS: The PSYCa 6-36 showed satisfactory psychometric properties (Cronbach's alpha > 0.60 in Uganda and > 0.70 in Kenya and Cambodia), temporal stability (intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC] > 0.8), and inter-rater reliability (ICC from 0.6 in Uganda to 0.8 in Kenya). Psychologists identified psychological difficulties (CGIS score > 1) in 11 children (5.1%) in Kenya, 13 children (8.7%) in Cambodia and 15 (10.5%) in Uganda, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.65 in Uganda and 0.80 in Kenya and Cambodia. CONCLUSIONS: The PSYCa 6-36 allowed for rapid screening of psychological difficulties among children aged 6 to 36 months among the populations studied. Use of the tool also increased awareness of children's psychological difficulties and the importance of early recognition to prevent long-term consequences. The PSYCa 6-36 would benefit from further use and validation studies in popula`tions with higher prevalence of psychological difficulties.

Constant gradient elastography with optimal control RF pulses.

This article presents a new motion encoding strategy to perform magnetic resonance elastography (MRE). Instead of using standard motion encoding gradients, a tailored RF pulse is designed to simultaneously perform selective excitation and motion encoding in presence of a constant gradient. The RF pulse is designed with a numerical optimal control algorithm, in order to obtain a magnetization phase distribution that depends on the displacement characteristics inside each voxel. As a consequence, no post-excitation encoding gradients are required. This offers numerous advantages, such as reducing eddy current artifacts, and relaxing the constraint on the gradients maximum switch rate. It also allows to perform MRE with ultra-short TE acquisition schemes, which limits T2 decay and optimizes signal-to-noise ratio. The pulse design strategy is developed and analytically analyzed to clarify the encoding mechanism. Finally, simulations, phantom and ex vivo experiments show that phase-to-noise ratios are improved when compared to standard MRE encoding strategies.

Active control of the spatial MRI phase distribution with optimal control theory.

This paper investigates the use of Optimal Control (OC) theory to design Radio-Frequency (RF) pulses that actively control the spatial distribution of the MRI magnetization phase. The RF pulses are generated through the application of the Pontryagin Maximum Principle and optimized so that the resulting transverse magnetization reproduces various non-trivial and spatial phase patterns. Two different phase patterns are defined and the resulting optimal pulses are tested both numerically with the ODIN MRI simulator and experimentally with an agar gel phantom on a 4.7T small-animal MR scanner. Phase images obtained in simulations and experiments are both consistent with the defined phase patterns. A practical application of phase control with OC-designed pulses is also presented, with the generation of RF pulses adapted for a Magnetic Resonance Elastography experiment. This study demonstrates the possibility to use OC-designed RF pulses to encode information in the magnetization phase and could have applications in MRI sequences using phase images.

[Welcoming families from all cultures]. / Accueillir les families d'ici et d'ailleurs.

Caring for a child also involves contact with their family, with their culture, experience and own knowledge. Taking into account the place and role of everyone in the family facilitates the care relationship.