ABSTRACT
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. This epithelial anion channel regulates the active transport of chloride and bicarbonate ions across membranes. Mutations result in reduced surface expression of CFTR channels with impaired functionality. Correctors are small molecules that support the trafficking of CFTR to increase its membrane expression. Such correctors can have different mechanisms of action. Combinations may result in a further improved therapeutic benefit. We describe the identification and optimization of a new pyrazolol3,4-bl pyridine-6-carboxylic acid series with high potency and efficacy in rescuing CFTR from the cell surface. Investigations showed that carboxylic acid group replacement with acylsulfonamides and acylsulfonylureas improved ADMET and PK properties, leading to the discovery of the structurally novel co-corrector GLPG2737. The addition of GLPG2737 to the combination of the potentiator GLPG1837 and C1 corrector 4 led to an 8-fold increase in the F508del CFTR activity.
Subject(s)
Cystic Fibrosis , Humans , Cystic Fibrosis/genetics , Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/genetics , Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/metabolism , Mutation , Cell Membrane/metabolism , Carboxylic Acids/therapeutic use , Benzodioxoles/pharmacology , Aminopyridines/therapeutic useABSTRACT
FFA2, also called GPR43, is a G-protein coupled receptor for short chain fatty acids which is involved in the mediation of inflammatory responses. A class of azetidines was developed as potent FFA2 antagonists. Multiparametric optimization of early hits with moderate potency and suboptimal ADME properties led to the identification of several compounds with nanomolar potency on the receptor combined with excellent pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. The most advanced compound, 4-[[(R)-1-(benzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonyl)-2-methyl-azetidine-2-carbonyl]-(3-chloro-benzyl)-amino]-butyric acid 99 (GLPG0974), is able to inhibit acetate-induced neutrophil migration strongly in vitro and demonstrated ability to inhibit a neutrophil-based pharmacodynamic (PD) marker, CD11b activation-specific epitope [AE], in a human whole blood assay. All together, these data supported the progression of 99 toward next phases, becoming the first FFA2 antagonist to reach the clinic.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism , Azetidines/metabolism , Butyrates/chemical synthesis , Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors , Thiophenes/chemical synthesis , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemical synthesis , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Azetidines/chemical synthesis , Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Azetidines/pharmacology , Butyrates/pharmacokinetics , Butyrates/pharmacology , Humans , Immune System Diseases , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Leukocyte Disorders , Mice , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thiophenes/pharmacokinetics , Thiophenes/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Structural modification performed on a 4-methyl-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)hydantoin series is described which resulted in the development of a new series of 4-(hydroxymethyl)diarylhydantoin analogues as potent, partial agonists of the human androgen receptor. This led to the identification of (S)-(-)-4-(4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methyl-2,5-dioxo-4-phenylimidazolidin-1-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile ((S)-(-)-18a, GLPG0492) evaluated in vivo in a classical model of orchidectomized rat. In this model, (-)-18a exhibited anabolic activity on muscle, strongly dissociated from the androgenic activity on prostate after oral dosing. (-)-18a has very good pharmacokinetic properties, including bioavailability in rat (F > 50%), and is currently under evaluation in phase I clinical trials.
Subject(s)
Androgens/chemical synthesis , Hydantoins/chemical synthesis , Anabolic Agents/chemical synthesis , Anabolic Agents/chemistry , Anabolic Agents/pharmacology , Androgen Receptor Antagonists/chemical synthesis , Androgen Receptor Antagonists/chemistry , Androgen Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology , Androgens/chemistry , Androgens/pharmacology , Animals , Biological Availability , Drug Partial Agonism , HeLa Cells , Humans , Hydantoins/chemistry , Hydantoins/pharmacology , Male , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Orchiectomy , Organ Size/drug effects , Prostate/anatomy & histology , Prostate/drug effects , Prostate/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, Androgen/genetics , Receptors, Androgen/metabolism , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Transcriptional Activation/drug effectsABSTRACT
A novel selective androgen receptor modulator scaffold has been discovered through structural modifications of hydantoin antiandrogens. Several 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-arylhydantoins displayed partial agonism with nanomolar in vitro potency in transactivation experiments using androgen receptor (AR) transfected cells. In a standard castrated male rat model, several compounds showed good anabolic activity on levator ani muscle, dissociated from the androgenic activity on ventral prostate, after oral dosing at 30 mg/kg. (+)-4-[3,4-Dimethyl-2,5-dioxo-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)imidazolidin-1-yl]-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile ((+)-11b) displayed anabolic potency with a strong dissociation between levator ani muscle and ventral prostate (A(50) = 0.5 mg/kg vs 70 mg/kg). The binding modes of two compounds, including (+)-11b, within the AR ligand-binding domain have been studied by cocrystallization experiments using a coactivator-like peptide. Both compounds bound to the same site, and the overall structures of the AR were very similar.
