ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Procyanidins have beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome and antimicrobial activity, but the mechanisms underlying these effects are unclear. AIM: To investigate the effects of procyanidin B2 (PB2) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and to explore the possible mechanism. METHODS: Thirty male New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into three groups. All of them were fed either a high-fat-cholesterol diet (HCD) or chow diet. HCD-fed rabbits were treated with vehicle or PB2 daily for 12 wk. Body weight and food intake were evaluated once a week. Serum biomarkers, such as total cholesterols, triglycerides, and aspartate transaminase, were detected. All rabbits were sacrificed and histological parameters of liver were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. Moreover, several lipogenic genes and gut microbiota (by 16S rRNA sequencing) were investigated to explore the possible mechanism. RESULTS: The HCD group had higher body weight, liver index, serum lipid profile, insulin resistance, serum glucose, and hepatic steatosis compared to the CHOW group. PB2 treatment prevented HCD-induced increases in body weight and hypertriglyceridemia in association with triglyceride accumulation in the liver. PB2 also ameliorated low-grade inflammation, which was reflected by serum lipopolysaccharides and improved insulin resistance. In rabbit liver, PB2 prevented the upregulation of steroid response element binding protein 1c and fatty acid synthase and the downregulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase, compared to the HCD group. Moreover, HCD led to a decrease of Bacteroidetes in gut microbiota. PB2 significantly improved the proportions of Bacteroidetes at the phylum level and Akkermansia at the genus level. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate the possible mechanism of PB2 to improve HCD-induced features of metabolic syndrome and provide a new dietary supplement.
Subject(s)
Biflavonoids/pharmacology , Catechin/pharmacology , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/prevention & control , Obesity/prevention & control , Proanthocyanidins/pharmacology , Protective Agents/pharmacology , Animals , Bacteroidetes/drug effects , Bacteroidetes/genetics , Bacteroidetes/isolation & purification , Biflavonoids/therapeutic use , Biomarkers/blood , Body Weight/drug effects , Catechin/therapeutic use , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Disease Models, Animal , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics , Humans , Insulin Resistance , Lipopolysaccharides/blood , Liver/drug effects , Liver/pathology , Male , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/blood , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/etiology , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/pathology , Obesity/blood , Obesity/etiology , Proanthocyanidins/therapeutic use , Protective Agents/therapeutic use , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/isolation & purification , Rabbits , Treatment Outcome , Triglycerides/bloodABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This systematic review was designed to evaluate the overall efficacy of optical coherence tomography (OCT)-guided implantation versus angiography-guided for percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS: The following electronic databases, such as CENTRAL, PubMed, Cochrane, and EMBASE were searched for systematic reviews to investigate OCT-guided and angiography-guided implantation. We measured the following 7 parameters in each patient: stent thrombosis, cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, major adverse cardiac events (MACE), target lesion revascularization (TLR), target vessel revascularization (TVR), all-cause death. RESULTS: In all, 11 studies (6 RCTs and 5 observational studies) involving 4026 subjects were included, with 1903 receiving intravascular ultrasound-guided drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation and 2123 using angiography-guided DES implantation. With regard to MACE, MT, TLR, TVR, stent thrombosis and all-cause death, the group of OCT-guided implantation had no significant statistical association with remarkably improved clinical outcomes. However, its effect on cardiovascular death has a significant statistical difference in angiography-guided implantation group. CONCLUSION: In the present pool analysis, OCT-guided DES implantation showed a tendency toward improved clinical outcomes compared to angiography-guided implantation. More eligible randomized clinical trials are warranted to verify the findings and to determine the beneficial effect of OCT-guidance for patients.
