Path analysis for controlling climate change in global aviation.

The aviation industry's emissions have had a significant impact on global climate change. This study focuses on carbon emission trading schemes, sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), and hydrogen energy, as vital means for the aviation industry to reduce emissions. To evaluate the climate effects of global routes under four scenarios (24 sub-scenarios) until 2100, this study proposes the Aviation-FAIR (Aviation-Finite Amplitude Impulse Response) method. The findings reveal that while CO2 emissions and concentrations are significant, other emissions, such as N2O and CH4, have a greater effective radiative forcing (ERF) and contribute significantly to climate change. Moreover, SAFs are more effective in mitigating airline pollutant emissions than relying solely on carbon trading schemes. The effectiveness of hydrogen fuel cells may be hindered by technical limitations compared to hydrogen turbine engines. The findings of this study provide reference for the global aviation industry to adopt emission reduction measures.

Novel polyamide/silica/chitosan covalent hybrid: One-step BIC/sol-gel preparation at room temperature and dual applications in Hg2+ electrochemical probing and dye adsorption.

Room-temperature preparation of polymer-based covalent hybrids, which with multiple functional characteristics, is instrumental to overcome the performance shortcomings of single-polymer materials and broaden their applications thus. Herein, by introducing chitosan (CS) as a starting substrate into benzoxazine-isocyanide chemistry (BIC)/sol-gel reaction system, a novel polyamide (PA)/SiO2/CS covalent hybrid (PA-Si-CS) was successfully prepared in-situ at 30 °C. PA-Si-CS's chemical structure and elementary properties were characterized here. The introduction of CS combining with the presence of diverse N, O-containing segments (amide, phenol -OH, Si-OH, etc.) in PA-Si-CS provided its synergistic adsorption for Hg2+ and anionic dye Congo red (CR). The capture of PA-Si-CS for Hg2+ was rationally applied to the "enrichment"-type electrochemical probing of Hg2+. Relevant detection range, detection limit, interference, and probing mechanism were systematically analyzed. Compared with the experimental results of control electrodes, the electrode modified with PA-Si-CS (PA-Si-CS/GCE) showed a significantly enhanced electrochemical response to Hg2+, with a detection limit up to ~2.2 × 10-8 mol/L. In addition, PA-Si-CS also exhibited the specific adsorption for CR. Systematic analyses of dye adsorption selectivity, kinetics, isothermal models, thermodynamics, and adsorption mechanism told that PA-Si-CS can be used as an efficient CR adsorbent, with a maximum adsorption capacity of ~348 mg/g.

Protocol to calculate aircraft emissions for international air routes in South America.

Recently, aviation pollution has drawn important social attention. The protocol proposed in this paper can simultaneously calculate the overall emissions of six aviation pollutants (CO2, CO, HC, NOx, SO2, and PM2.5), including the landing and take-off emissions and climb/cruise/descent emissions. The international routes in South America during 2019-2021 are an example to illustrate the use of this protocol. This protocol can provide a methodological basis for calculating aviation pollutant emissions in different countries and regions. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Cui et al. (2022b).1.

Potential carbon emissions reduction from fleet schedule reconfiguration of China's and India's external routes.

This article calculates the carbon emissions from China-foreign and India-foreign routes in 2019. The error rate of China's and India's external routes is about 2.75% and 5.21%, respectively. First, it obtains the aircraft with the least emission intensity in each distance segment. Then, we use the aircraft with the lowest emission intensity to replace the original aircraft and compare the emission reduction. The results show that after the aircraft is reconfigured, the CO2 of China-foreign and India-foreign routes has declined by 57.08% and 35.45%, respectively. Interestingly, the average aircraft costs of China-foreign and India-foreign routes also dropped 8.04% and 39.39%, respectively, after the reconfiguration. Therefore, fleet schedule reconfiguration is one of the most feasible ways for airlines to reduce emissions. However, for airlines with increased average aircraft costs, only when the carbon price is eight times the current level can they offset the increase in the average aircraft costs.

Impacts of the COVID-19 on all aircraft emissions of international routes in South America.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on South America's economic development, as well as its international civil aviation industry. This paper seeks to calculate the emissions of six pollutions (CO2, CO, HC, NOx, SO2, and PM2.5) from the international routes in South America during 2019-2021 and discusses the impacts of COVID-19 on the emission change. The modified BFFM2-FOA-FPM method is proposed to unify the CO2 and non-CO2 calculations. The calculated results' average error rate is about 5.12%. The results showed that COVID-19 affected all emissions, including the number of routes, average flight distance, aircraft configuration, the proportion of CCD phase emissions, average emissions, etc. In addition, some airlines increased the number of flights and aircraft types during the pandemic, increasing emissions. The results give a reasonable data basis for the aviation industry in South America to formulate emission reduction policies.

Accounting for the aircraft emissions of China's domestic routes during 2014-2019.

The "13th Five-Year Plan" of civil aviation energy conservation and emission reduction impacts China's domestic aviation exchanges. However, few researchers pay attrition to the impact of the 13th Five-Year Plan on aviation emissions. This paper intends to calculate the emissions of six pollutants (CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM2.5, and SO2) in China's domestic airlines from 2014 to 2019 and explore the impact of the 13th Five-Year Plan on emissions changes. In this paper, the improved BFFM2-FOA-FPM method is used to unify the calculation of CO2 and other aviation emissions. The error rate between the estimate and the official data was about 6.45%. The results show that the 13th Five-Year Plan has impacted on aviation emissions, including the number of routes and airlines, aircraft configuration, air routes, and airline unit turnover emissions. Additionally, the 13th Five-Year Plan's effect is not significant, and it does not promote the reduction of emissions on domestic routes.