ABSTRACT
Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is a controlled use of electrical stimulation of muscle contractions to obtain function. FES is utilised today in the treatment of spinal cord injured individuals for diaphragmatic pacing, bladder and bowel management, ejaculation, walking and hand function, as well as conditioning. We present The Freehand System, which consists of implanted electrodes to arm and hand muscles. This system has now been implanted in the first two Nordic tetraplegics. Candidates are tetraplegics with C5-6 lesions. After implantation it may take 6-8 months before the tetraplegic person can expect to use The Freehand System completely in daily life. The tetraplegic individual can choose between two grasps. The Freehand System can for some few very physically disabled tetraplegics be a good aid to increase their level of activities of daily living and independence. Continued development in the coming years may broaden the indications with benefit for more individuals.
Subject(s)
Electric Stimulation Therapy , Electrodes, Implanted , Hand Strength , Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology , Quadriplegia/rehabilitation , Activities of Daily Living , Electric Stimulation Therapy/adverse effects , Electric Stimulation Therapy/instrumentation , Electric Stimulation Therapy/methods , Humans , Muscle Contraction , Quadriplegia/physiopathologyABSTRACT
A retrospective review of amputations in patients with vascular disease during 10 years in Bispebjerg Hospital was undertaken. There were 1383 amputations leading to 1167 final level amputations. In previously independent patients there were 482 below knee amputations (BKA), 476 above knee amputations (AKA) and 43 had disarticulations in the ankle, knee or hip. During the period studied the number of final level amputations in independent patients were halved from 122 in 1981 to 58 in 1990. A similar reduction was also found in the total number of amputations: from 171 to 90, and in the number of reamputations: from 35 to 21. However, amputations in patients from long stay institutions remained at a constant level by on average 17 per year. The decrease in amputation rate took place synchronously with an increasing use of bypass to crural and pedal arteries as well as an overall increase in vascular reconstructions and angioplasties of more than 100%. However, the BKA/AKA ratio decreased from 1.12 to 0.67 (p < 0.005).
