Seleção de práticas culturais complexas: avaliação experimental de um análogo do procedimento de aproximação sucessiva / The selection of complex cultural practices: experimental assessment of an analogous of the successive approximation procedure

O processo de evolução cultural tem sido investigado experimentalmente na Análise do Comportamento com base no conceito de metacontingências, que descreve a relação funcional entre contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas (CCEs), seu produto agregado (PA) e consequências culturais (CCs) liberadas por um sistema receptor. Neste estudo, buscou-se investigar a possibilidade de selecionar um dado entrelaçamento (um padrão de comportamentos coordenados entre os membros de um grupo) com um análogo doprocedimento de aproximação sucessiva, usado na modelagem do comportamento individual. Dois grupos de quatro universitários foram expostos a procedimentos de aproximação sucessiva em arranjos de metacontingências. Os entrelaçamentos alvo tinham graus de complexidade quevariavam quanto ao número de exigências para a produção da CC (complexidade ambiental) e quanto ao número de membros do grupo (complexidade de componente). No Experimento 1, foi programado o aumento gradual da complexidade ambiental e, no Experimento 2, o aumento gradual e simultâneo de complexidade de componente e ambiental. A tarefa dos grupos consistiade escolher linhas em uma matriz de dez linhas de cinco cores diferentes, numeradas de 1 a 10, e dez colunas, nomeadas de A a J. (AU)

Contingências individuais e contingências culturaisfuncionalmente independentes umas das outras foram programadas. Escolhas individuais de linhas ímpares produziam fichas trocáveis por dinheiro (consequência individual); escolhas delinhas com certas coordenações de cores produziam itens escolares para doação a uma escola pública (CCs). Os resultados do Experimento 1 (modelagem de CCEs com complexidade ambiental crescente) demonstraram a seleção de CCEs alvo. No Experimento 2, não houve seleção dos entrelaçamentos alvo. Esse resultado demonstra a possibilidade de modelagem de CCEscomplexas empregando-se o procedimento de aproximação sucessiva, ao mesmo tempo em quesugere que a progressão simultânea de várias dimensões da complexidade do entrelaçamento pode comprometer a eficácia do procedimento na produção de unidades culturais complexas. Todavia, certas características do preparo experimental empregado neste experimento sugerem que outras variáveis (notadamente, a alternância das funções dos membros do grupo) podem ter concorrido com o procedimento de aproximação sucessiva e afetado a sua eficácia. (AU)

Cultural evolution has been the subject matter of experimental investigation in Behavior Analysis, under the concept of metacontingency. Metacontingencies describe the functional relationship between interlocking behavioral contingencies (IBCs), their aggregateproduct (AP), and cultural consequences delivered by a receiving system. In this study, we investigated the selection of IBCs (a pattern of coordinated behaviors of the members of a group), employing an analog of the successive approximation procedure, employed in modelling individual behavior. Two groups, four undergraduate students in each, were exposed to a successive approximation procedure in a metacontingency setting. The target IBCs involved degrees of complexity that varied with respect to the requirements to produce the CC(environmental complexity), and to the number of group members (component complexity). In Experiment 1, a gradual increase in environmental complexity was programmed. In Experiment 2,there was a gradual and simultaneous increase in both component and environmental complexity. The task to be performed consisted of choosing rows in a 10x10 matrix, in whichrows were of five different colors, numbered from 1 to 10, and columns were named from A to J. (AU)

Individual contingencies, as well as functionally independent cultural contingencies were programmed. Individual choices of odd rows produced tokens exchangeable for money(individual consequence); choices of rows of given coordinations of colors (IBCs+PAs) produced school itens to be later donated to a public school (CCs). Results of Experiment 1 (modelling ofIBCs with increasing environmental complexity) showed the selection of target IBCs. In Experiment 2, the target IBCs were not selected. These results show that the successive approximation procedure may be effective in the modelling of IBCs, and suggests, as well, that simutaneous progression of both environmental, and component complexity dimensions may affect the efficacy of the procedure in producing complex cultural units. However, some aspects of the experimental preparation employed in this study also suggest that other variables (namely, the changing functions of the group members) may have competed with the successiveapproximation procedure and affected its efficacy. (AU)

Seleção de práticas culturais complexas: avaliação experimental de um análogo do procedimento de aproximação sucessiva / The selection of complex cultural practices: experimental assessment of an analogous of the successive approximation procedure

O processo de evolução cultural tem sido investigado experimentalmente na Análise do Comportamento com base no conceito de metacontingências, que descreve a relação funcional entre contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas (CCEs), seu produto agregado (PA) e consequências culturais (CCs) liberadas por um sistema receptor. Neste estudo, buscou-se investigar a possibilidade de selecionar um dado entrelaçamento (um padrão de comportamentos coordenados entre os membros de um grupo) com um análogo doprocedimento de aproximação sucessiva, usado na modelagem do comportamento individual. Dois grupos de quatro universitários foram expostos a procedimentos de aproximação sucessiva em arranjos de metacontingências. Os entrelaçamentos alvo tinham graus de complexidade quevariavam quanto ao número de exigências para a produção da CC (complexidade ambiental) e quanto ao número de membros do grupo (complexidade de componente). No Experimento 1, foi programado o aumento gradual da complexidade ambiental e, no Experimento 2, o aumento gradual e simultâneo de complexidade de componente e ambiental. A tarefa dos grupos consistiade escolher linhas em uma matriz de dez linhas de cinco cores diferentes, numeradas de 1 a 10, e dez colunas, nomeadas de A a J. Contingências individuais e contingências culturaisfuncionalmente independentes umas das outras foram programadas. Escolhas individuais de linhas ímpares produziam fichas trocáveis por dinheiro (consequência individual); escolhas delinhas com certas coordenações de cores produziam itens escolares para doação a uma escola pública (CCs). Os resultados do Experimento 1 (modelagem de CCEs com complexidade ambiental crescente) demonstraram a seleção de CCEs alvo. No Experimento 2, não houve seleção dos entrelaçamentos alvo. Esse resultado demonstra a possibilidade de modelagem de CCEscomplexas empregando-se o procedimento de aproximação sucessiva, ao mesmo tempo em quesugere que a progressão simultânea de várias dimensões da complexidade do entrelaçamento pode comprometer a eficácia do procedimento na produção de unidades culturais complexas. Todavia, certas características do preparo experimental empregado neste experimento sugerem que outras variáveis (notadamente, a alternância das funções dos membros do grupo) podem ter concorrido com o procedimento de aproximação sucessiva e afetado a sua eficácia.

Cultural evolution has been the subject matter of experimental investigation in Behavior Analysis, under the concept of metacontingency. Metacontingencies describe the functional relationship between interlocking behavioral contingencies (IBCs), their aggregateproduct (AP), and cultural consequences delivered by a receiving system. In this study, we investigated the selection of IBCs (a pattern of coordinated behaviors of the members of a group), employing an analog of the successive approximation procedure, employed in modelling individual behavior. Two groups, four undergraduate students in each, were exposed to a successive approximation procedure in a metacontingency setting. The target IBCs involved degrees of complexity that varied with respect to the requirements to produce the CC(environmental complexity), and to the number of group members (component complexity). In Experiment 1, a gradual increase in environmental complexity was programmed. In Experiment 2,there was a gradual and simultaneous increase in both component and environmental complexity. The task to be performed consisted of choosing rows in a 10x10 matrix, in whichrows were of five different colors, numbered from 1 to 10, and columns were named from A to J. Individual contingencies, as well as functionally independent cultural contingencies were programmed. Individual choices of odd rows produced tokens exchangeable for money(individual consequence); choices of rows of given coordinations of colors (IBCs+PAs) produced school itens to be later donated to a public school (CCs). Results of Experiment 1 (modelling ofIBCs with increasing environmental complexity) showed the selection of target IBCs. In Experiment 2, the target IBCs were not selected. These results show that the successive approximation procedure may be effective in the modelling of IBCs, and suggests, as well, that simutaneous progression of both environmental, and component complexity dimensions may affect the efficacy of the procedure in producing complex cultural units. However, some aspects of the experimental preparation employed in this study also suggest that other variables (namely, the changing functions of the group members) may have competed with the successiveapproximation procedure and affected its efficacy.

Metacontingencies, Cultural Selection and Social/Verbal / Metacontingencias, Selección Cultural y Ambiente Social/Verbal

Resumen En las últimas décadas, Sigrid Glenn, a partir de la proposición del concepto de 'metacontingencia', ha desarrollado una propuesta analítico-conductual que busca ampliar el tratamiento skinneriano de los procesos de selección/ evolución cultural. Este artículo presenta inicialmente una descripción del desarrollo conceptual de esta propuesta. A continuación, teniendo en cuenta la importancia que se le ha asignado a repertorios verbales en el proceso de selección cultural, se presentan las propuestas de los antropólogos Terrence Deacon y Marvis Harris que abordan la relación entre la evolución de ambientes sociales/verbales y la selección/evolución de prácticas culturales. Por último, basándose en estas propuestas, se discuten formas en que el control de la conducta individual por el grupo - y sus agencias de control - sugieren un creciente desarrollo de mecanismos de control verbal/social, lo que indica la importancia de fomentar el estudio de las relaciones entre la evolución de ambientes sociales/verbales y la selección/ evolución de prácticas culturales.

In the last decades, Sigrid Glenn, from the proposition of the concept of 'metacontingency', has developed a behavioral-analytic proposal that seeks to amplify the Skinnerian treatment given to cultural selection/evolution processes. This paper initially presents a description of the conceptual development of this proposal. Afterwards, considering the importance that has been assigned to verbal repertoire in the cultural selection process, proposals from anthropologists Terrence Deacon and Marvis Harris, who approach the relationship between the evolution of social/verbal environments and the selection/evolution of cultural practices, are presented. Finally, based on these propositions, forms in which the control of individual behavior by the group - and by their controlling agencies - seems to denote an increasing development in verbal/ social control mechanisms are discussed, indicating the importance to go more deeply into the study of relationships between the evolution of social/verbal environments and the selection/evolution of cultural practices.

Contributions of contingencies in modern societies to "privacy" in the behavioral relations of cognition and emotion.

The aim of this paper is to examine specific features of modern individualistic societies that contribute to "emotions" and "cognitions" becoming a matter of privacy. Although some behavior analysts identify emotions and cognitions as "private events," we argue with Skinner (1945) that cognitions and emotions are relations among events and that their origin is in public events in the contingencies of reinforcement maintained by other people. Guided by Elias (1939/1996), we suggest that the shift from feudal economies to market economies involved the increasing individualization of society's members. This individualizing process includes the socially maintained contingencies that bring some verbal responses under control of private stimulation and reduce the magnitude of some verbal responses to a covert level. Behavioral relations in which either stimuli or responses (or both) cannot be observed by others set the stage for a concept of "privacy." Changes in societal contingencies that gave rise to individualization and the attribution of privacy to cognitions and emotions are suggested to include the following: (a) increasing frequency of individual consequences that have no apparent or direct relevance to the group; (b) increasing numbers of concurrent contingencies and choice requirements; (c) conflicts between immediate and delayed consequences for the individual; and (d) conflicts between consequences for the individual and for the group.