ABSTRACT
Baccharis cinerea belongs to the Asteraceae family,in Brazil is found in the Northeast and Southeast, occurring in the Caatinga and Mata Atlântica biomes, on the edges of the seasonal forests, board and altitude forests in both regenerating primary and secondary areas. Has proven antimicrobial and antiviral activity and is widely used in folk medicine for its various therapeutic effects and is used as an antiseptic for skin and wound infections, inflammation, diarrhea as well as being used as a purgative.The plants used in the traditional medicine are more and more explored scientifically because they are possible resources of substances with antimicrobial activity in front damage man's health microorganism. In this context the objective of the study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity, modulator activity of antibiotic and in vitro phytochemical prospection of leaf ethanol extracts. Tests were performed on the bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536). The antibacterial activity was analyzed by means determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). For the evaluation of the modulating activity, the microdilution method of the diluted extract samples with the antibiotic's amikacin, clindamycin and gentamicin was used. The MIC results were ≥ 1024 µg mL-1 by the bacterial strains. There was a relevance of concentrations in modulation with the antimicrobials tested such as amikacin and gentamicin, there were no discrepancy of clindamycin results in association with the extract. The chemical constituents found were leucoanthocyanidins, flabobenic tannins, flavanones, flavones, flavonoids, xanthones, chalcones, aurones. It is important to note that is necessary to do other studies to evaluate the potential of this species because it has important chemical compounds in reducing antimicrobial resistance.
Baccharis cinerea pertence à família Asteraceae, no Brasil é encontrada nas regiões Nordeste e Sudeste, ocorrendo nos biomas Caatinga e Mata Atlântica, nas bordas das florestas estacionais, tabuleiro e de altitude em áreas primárias e secundárias em regeneração. Tem atividade antimicrobiana e antiviral comprovada e é amplamente utilizado na medicina popular por seus diversos efeitos terapêuticos, sendo utilizado como antisséptico para infecções de pele e feridas, inflamação, diarreia e também como purgante. As plantas utilizadas na medicina tradicional são cada vez mais exploradas cientificamente, pois são possíveis recursos de substâncias com atividade antimicrobiana que prejudicam a saúde do homem. Neste contexto o objetivo do estudo foi investigar a atividade antimicrobiana, atividade moduladora de antibióticos e prospecção fitoquímica in vitro de extratos etanólicos de folhas. Os testes foram realizados nas cepas bacterianas de Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) e Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536). A atividade antibacteriana foi analisada por meio da determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM). Para avaliação da atividade moduladora, foi utilizado o método de microdiluição das amostras do extrato diluído com os antibióticos amicacina, clindamicina e gentamicina. Os resultados da MIC foram ≥ 1024 µg mL-1 pelas cepas bacterianas. Houve relevância das concentrações na modulação com os antimicrobianos testados como amicacina e gentamicina, não havendo discrepância nos resultados da clindamicina em associação com o extrato. Os constituintes químicos encontrados foram leucoantocianidinas, taninos flabobênicos, flavanonas, flavonas, flavonóides, xantonas, chalconas, auronas. É importante ressaltar que é necessária a realização de outros estudos para avaliar o potencial desta espécie, pois possui compostos químicos importantes na redução da resistência aos antimicrobianos.
Subject(s)
Plants, Medicinal , Baccharis , Phytochemicals , Anti-Infective AgentsABSTRACT
This study aimed to verify the chelating, antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of Psidium brownianum Mart. Ex DC against mercury and aluminum. The ethanolic extract, as well as the tannic and flavonoid fractions, were prepared and subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Ferric ion reduction and antioxidant activity measurement using the FRAP method were performed with P. brownianum. After determining the sub-allelopathic doses, germination tests using Lactuca sativa (lettuce) seeds were performed. The main compounds identified in the extract and fractions were: quercetin and its derivatives; myricetin and its derivatives; gallic acid; ellagic acid; quinic acid and gallocatechin. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for all samples wereâ¯≥â¯1024⯵g/mL. The flavonoid fraction in association with mercury chloride demonstrated cytoprotection (pâ¯<â¯0.001). The sub-allelopathic concentration used was 64⯵g/mL. The extract and fractions were cytoprotective for radicles and caulicles when assayed in association with mercury and against aluminum for radicles. This suggests that the P. brownianum extract and its fractions present cytoprotective activity, possibly related to the antioxidant effect of secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids.
Subject(s)
Aluminum Chloride/toxicity , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Chelating Agents/pharmacology , Mercuric Chloride/toxicity , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Psidium , Allelopathy , Antioxidants/chemistry , Candida albicans/drug effects , Candida albicans/growth & development , Chelating Agents/chemistry , Chromatography, Liquid , Cytoprotection , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Escherichia coli/growth & development , Flavonoids/analysis , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Germination/drug effects , Iron/chemistry , Lactuca/drug effects , Lactuca/growth & development , Mass Spectrometry , Plant Extracts/chemistryABSTRACT
The present study had as its objective to verify the Psidium guajava var. Pomifera L. chelating, antioxidant and cytoprotective effects against mercury and aluminum. The ethanolic extract, tannic and flavonoid fractions were subjected to LC-MS analysis. The Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and ferric ion reduction demonstrated a present antioxidant activity. The fungicidal and bactericidal activity of these metals were established. After determining the sub-allelopathic doses, germination tests using Lactuca sativa were performed. Quercetin and its derivatives were the main compounds identified in the extract and the fractions. Mercury chloride significantly reduced the bactericidal effect of the flavonoid fraction (pâ¯<â¯0.001). None of the fractions were cytoprotective against mercury or aluminum in the fungal model assays. Using a sub-allelopathic concentration (64⯵g/mL), the ethanolic extract, flavonoid and tannic fractions were found to be cytoprotective against aluminum for radicles, however only the tannic fraction was cytoprotective for caulicles. These data suggest that natural P. guajava products are promising cytoprotective compound sources. This activity may be related to the antioxidant effect of secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids. Our results point to a potential for environmental intervention product and technique development aimed at mitigating contamination by toxic metals such as mercury and aluminum.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/chemistry , Flavonoids/chemistry , Metals, Heavy/toxicity , Psidium/chemistry , Antioxidants/analysis , Metals, Heavy/analysisABSTRACT
The objective of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant, metal chelating and cytoprotective activity of the Eugenia jambolana Lam. extract, as well as of its flavonoid and tannic fractions, against the action of Mercury Chloride (HgCl2). Flavonoids were quantified and an LC-MS chromatographic analysis was performed to identify secondary metabolites. Fe2+ and Fe3+ chelation tests and antioxidant activity were carried out using the FRAP method. Microbiological tests were performed by microdilution to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). From these results the Minimum Bactericidal (MBC) and Minimum Fungicide Concentration (MFC) were evaluated. The allelopathy and cytoprotection assays were performed using eukaryotic and prokaryotic models. The results revealed the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids in the E. jambolana extract and fractions. The sub-allelopathic concentration (64⯵g/mL) was used and the results demonstrated the E. jambolana potential cytoprotective effect against mercury chloride.
Subject(s)
Biological Products/chemistry , Mercuric Chloride/toxicity , Syzygium/chemistry , Allelopathy , Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry , Antioxidants/chemistry , Cytoprotection , Flavonoids/chemistry , Lactuca/drug effects , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plant Extracts/chemistryABSTRACT
Mercury (Hg) is widely distributed in the environment and is known to produce several adverse effects in organisms. The aim of the present study was to examine the in vitro antioxidant activity and Hg chelating ability of the hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium guajava leaves (HEPG). In addition, the potential protective effects of HEPG against Hg(II) were evaluated using a yeast model (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). HEPG was found to exert significant antioxidant activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenger and inhibition of lipid peroxidation induced by Fe(II) assays in a concentration-dependent manner. The extract also exhibited significant Hg(II) chelating activity. In yeast, Hg(II) induced a significant decrease in cell viability. In contrast, HEPG partially prevented the fall in cell viability induced by Hg(II). In conclusion, HEPG exhibited protective effects against Hg(II)-mediated toxicity, which may be related to both antioxidant and Hg(II)-chelating activities.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/metabolism , Chelating Agents/metabolism , Mercury/metabolism , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Psidium/chemistry , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/drug effects , Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Picrates/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/physiologyABSTRACT
The association of herbal products with standard antimicrobial drugs has recently gained more attention as a hope to overcome infectious diseases caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Here, we investigated for the first time the antimicrobial (antifungal and antibacterial) activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of R. echinus against multiresistant strains of bacteria (E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus) and fungi (C. albicans, C. krusei and C. tropicalis), as well as potential to enhance the activity of antibiotics drugs. In addition, both extract were chemically characterized and their toxicity was assessed in Artemia salina. Our results demonstrate that aqueous extract of R. echinus caused a significant increase in the activity of antibiotics gentamicin and imipenem, while the ethanolic extract strongly enhanced the antibiotic activity of gentamicin, amikacin, imipenem and ciprofloxacin against P. aeruginosa. However, neither the ethanolic nor the aqueous extracts significantly affect the antibiotic activity of the drugs when tested against S. aureus. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts indicated ellagic acid, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid as the major components which can be at least in part responsible for the enhanced activity of antibiotics. None of the extracts showed toxicity in A. salina even at the highest concentration tested (1000 µg/mL). All together, our results suggest that the leaf extract of R. echinus can be an effective source of modulating agents.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Tracheophyta/chemistry , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Antifungal Agents/chemistry , Artemia/drug effects , Bacteria/drug effects , Candida/drug effects , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effectsABSTRACT
La evaluación de la actividad antioxidante ha sido una cuestión relevante teniendo en cuenta su importancia para la salud humana. Estudios recientes muestran que el uso de plantas en forma de jugos o tés como fuentes de antioxidantes naturales, que se pueden utilizar como complemento para el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades. En este contexto, evaluado el potencial antioxidante in vitro, de extractos de Eugenia jambolana Lam y Psidium myrsinites DC. A. y cuantificar fenoles y flavonoides presentes en los extractos. La peroxidación lipídica ha sido evaluada por la técnica de TBARS (sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico). De acuerdo con los resultados, mostraron una mejor actividad antioxidante del extracto de psidium myrsinites DC. A. Para poner a prueba TBARS con fosfolípido de huevo extrae redujo los niveles basales en el proceso de peroxidación de lípidos, la CI50 del extracto etanolico de Euguenia jambolana (EEFEJ) mostró los mejores resultados, con un más bajo valor de la CI50 en comparación con el extracto hidroetanolico de Psidium mirsinites, demostrado ser más efectivo. Por lo tanto, a través de estas pruebas se puede ver que los extractos de las hojas de la especie, Eugenia jambolana Lam y Psidium myrsinites DC. A., la actividad antioxidante de exposiciones, sustancias fenólicas directamente relacionados producidos a partir de su metabolismo secundario.
The evaluation of the antioxidant activity has been a relevant and important issue to human health. Recent studies show that the use of plants juices or teas as sources of natural antioxidants, which can be used as an adjuvant in the treatment of several diseases. In this context, was evaluated the in vitro antioxidant potential of the extracts of Psidium myrsinites DC. and Eugenia jambolana Lam. The total of phenols and flavonoids were quantified in the extracts. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by the technique of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). According to the results, was showed a better antioxidant activity in the extract of Psidium myrsinites DC. A. In the TBARS assay with egg phospholipid the extracts reduced the basal levels in the process of lipid peroxidation and the IC50 of ethanol extract of Eugenia jambolana (EEFEJ) showed the best results with a lower value of IC50 compared with hydroethanol extract of Psidium mirsinites, demonstrating be more effective. Therefore, through these tests can be seen that extracts from the leaves of the species, Eugenia and Psidium jambolana Lam myrsinites DC. A., exhibit antioxidant activity, directly related phenolic substances produced from the secondary metabolism.
Subject(s)
Humans , Antioxidants/chemical synthesis , Eugenia jambosa/therapeutic use , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Psidium/drug effects , Phytochemicals/therapeutic use , Plant Extracts/therapeutic useABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Rhaphiodon echinus is a weed plant used in the Brazilian folk medicinal for the treatment of infectious diseases. In this study, the essential oil of R. echinus leaf was investigated for its antimicrobial properties. METHODS: The chemical constituents of the essential oil were characterized by GC-MS. The antimicrobial properties were determined by studying by the microdilution method the effect of the oil alone, and in combination with antifungal or antibiotic drugs against the fungi Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis and the microbes Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas. In addition, the iron (II) chelation potential of the oil was determined. RESULTS: The results showed the presence of ß-caryophyllene and bicyclogermacrene in major compounds, and revealed a low antifungal and antibacterial activity of the essential oil, but a strong modulatory effect on antimicrobial drugs when associated with the oil. The essential oil showed iron (II) chelation activity. CONCLUSIONS: The GC-MS characterization revealed the presence of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in the essential oil and metal chelation potential, which may be responsible in part for the modulatory effect of the oil. These findings suggest that essential oil of R. echinus is a natural product capable of enhancing the antibacterial and antifungal activity of antimicrobial drugs.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Infections/drug therapy , Lamiaceae/chemistry , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Plant Oils/pharmacology , Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry , Antifungal Agents/chemistry , Brazil , Candida albicans/drug effects , Candida albicans/pathogenicity , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Escherichia coli/pathogenicity , Humans , Infections/microbiology , Monoterpenes/chemistry , Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Plant Oils/chemistry , Sesquiterpenes/chemistry , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicityABSTRACT
Introdução: Staphylococcus aureus é mencionada na literatura como um importante patógeno, algumas espécimes acarretam infecções oportunistas em muitos animais e homens. Escherichia coli é uma das principais causas de doenças infecciosas humanas. Pertencente à família das Enterobacteriaceae, compartilham diversos fatores de virulência descrita por sua resistência a vários antibióticos, as contaminações são provavelmente iniciadas por modificações de defesas do hospedeiro. Pseudomonas aeruginosaé conhecida por causar infecção aguda pela produção de toxinas. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito antimicrobiano do extrato etanólico de Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L.P. Queiroz, e modulação da atividade antibiótica. Métodos: o material botânico de Libidibia ferrea foi coletado no município de Penaforte, Ceará, Brasil. Para a obtenção dos extratos foram coletadas entrecasca e vagem frescas, submersos em etanol separadamente por 72 h, sendo após esse período, filtrado e concentrado em condensador rotativo a vácuo. Foram realizados testes de atividade antimicrobiana e modulação da atividade antimicrobiana com cepas padrões e multirresistentes de bactérias. Resultados: o extrato demonstrou atividade moduladora quando combinados com alguns antimicrobianos contra algumas linhagens testadas. Conclusões: portanto, é sugerido que o extrato de L. ferrea pode ser utilizada como uma fonte de produtos naturais na terapêutica antimicrobiana e no combate a multirresistência bacteriana(AU)
Introducción: Staphylococcus aureus se menciona en la literatura como un patógeno importante, algunos provocan infecciones oportunistas en animales y hombres. Escherichia coli es una de las principales causas de enfermedades infecciosas humanas. Ambas pertenecen a la familia Enterobacteriaceae, comparten muchos factores de virulencia y se caracterizan por su resistencia a múltiples antibióticos, su contaminación tal vez iniciada por la modificación de las defensas del hospedero. Pseudomonas aeruginosa causa de infección aguda mediante la producción de toxinas. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto antimicrobiano del extracto de etanol de Libidibia ferrea (Mart ex Tul.) LP Queiroz, y la modulación de la actividad antibiótica. Métodos: L. ferrea fue recopilada en el municipio de Penaforte, Ceará, Brasil. Para obtener los extractos se recogieron corteza y frutos frescos, sumergidos en etanol por separado durante 72 h, después se filtraron y se concentraron en un condensador rotatorio. Se realizaron pruebas de actividad antimicrobiana y la modulación de la actividad antimicrobiana con cepas multirresistentes de bacterias. Resultados: los extractos mostraron actividad moduladora cuando se combina con algunos antibióticos contra algunas cepas ensayadas. Conclusión: por lo tanto, se sugiere que el extracto de L. ferrea puede ser utilizado como una fuente de productos naturales en la terapia antimicrobiana y en la resistencia a múltiples fármacos bacteriana combate(AU)
Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is mentioned in the literature as an important pathogen, some opportunistic bacteria may cause several problems in many animals and humans. Escherichia coli is a leading cause of human infectious diseases. Belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, share many virulence factors described by their resistance to multiple antibiotics, the contamination is probably initiated by modifications in the host defenses. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to cause acute infection by producing toxins. Objective: evaluate the antimicrobial effect of the ethanol extract of Libidibia ferrea (Mart ex Tul.) LP Queiroz, and modulation of antibiotic activity. Methods: L. ferrea was collected in the municipality of Penaforte, Ceará, Brazil. To obtain the extracts were collected bark and fruits, submerged in ethanol separately for 72 h, after this period, filtered and concentrated in a rotary vacuum condenser. Antimicrobial activity tests were performed and modulation of antimicrobial activity with standards and multiresistant strains of bacteria. Results: the extract showed antibacterial activity when combined with some antibiotics against the assayed strains, demonstrating a modulatory potential. Conclusion: therefore, it is suggested that L. ferrea extract can be used as a source of natural products in the antimicrobial therapy and in the combat bacterial multidrug resistance(AU)
Subject(s)
Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy , Phytotherapy , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Drug resistance in the treatment of neglected parasitic diseases, such as leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis, has led to the search and development of alternative drugs from plant origins. In this context, the essential oil extracted by hydro-distillation from Lantana camara leaves was tested against Leishmania braziliensis and Trypanosoma cruzi. The results demonstrated that L. camara essential oil inhibited T. cruzi and L. braziliensis with IC50 of 201.94 µg/mL and 72.31 µg/mL, respectively. L. camara essential oil was found to be toxic to NCTC929 fibroblasts at 500 µg/mL (IC50 = 301.42 µg/mL). The composition of L. camara essential oil analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed large amounts of (E)-caryophyllene (23.75%), biciclogermacrene (15.80%), germacrene D (11.73%), terpinolene (6.1%), and sabinene (5.92%), which might be, at least in part, responsible for its activity. Taken together, our results suggest that L. camara essential oil may be an important source of therapeutic agents for the development of alternative drugs against parasitic diseases.
Subject(s)
Lantana/chemistry , Leishmania/drug effects , Oils, Volatile/analysis , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Trypanosoma cruzi/drug effects , Animals , Cell Line , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cytostatic Agents/analysis , Cytostatic Agents/chemistry , Cytostatic Agents/pharmacology , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Mice , Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Plant Leaves/chemistryABSTRACT
Introdução: Combinações múltiplas de drogas estão sendo utilizadas no combate à disseminação de bactérias patogênicas resistentes a antibióticos. No entanto, a utilização incorreta desses antibióticos fez com que algumas bactérias sejam selecionadas, deixando apenas as resistentes aos agentes antimicrobianos, com o consequente surgimento de resistência aos antibióticos. Objetivos: Nesse contexto, avaliaram-se as atividades microbiológicas dos antibióticos claritromicina, gentamicina, ciprofloxacino e imipenem, além de comparar as atividades da associação entre esses fármacos, frente às cepas bacterianas de Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus. Materiais e Métodos: A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) foi realizada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo para cada uma das amostras selecionadas. Posteriormente, com base nos valores das cims, foi avaliado o efeito antimicrobiano da combinação das drogas pelo método de modulação. Resultados: A associação demonstrou efeitos sinérgicos frente às linhagens testadas, sugerindo-se que a associação dos antibióticos testados aumenta o seu potencial antimicrobiano. Conclusão: Nesse sentido, o uso de antibióticos em combinação pode ser realizado mediante investigações posteriores que comprovem a segurança de seu uso.
Introducción: Actualmente, se está utilizando la combinación de múltiples drogas en la lucha contra la propagación de bacterias patógenas resistentes a los antibióticos. Sin embargo, el uso inadecuado de estos antibióticos ha causado que algunas bacterias se seleccionen, con la consiguiente aparición de resistencia a los antibióticos. Objetivo: Se evaluó la actividad microbiológica de los antibióticos claritromicina, gentamicina, ciprofloxacino e imipenem, y se comparó la actividad sinérgica de estos fármacos, frente a las cepas bacterianas de Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus. Materiales y Métodos: Se determinó la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) por el método de microdilución en caldo para cada una de las muestras seleccionadas y se evaluó el efecto antimicrobiano de la combinación de fármacos por el método de modulación. Resultados: La combinación mostró efectos sinérgicos frente a las cepas ensayadas, lo que sugiere que la asociación de los antibióticos ensayados aumenta su potencial antimicrobiano. Conclusión: Se puede utilizar antibióticos en combinación; sin embargo, se requiere realizar investigaciones adicionales que demuestren ser seguros para su utilización.
Introduction: Combining multiple drugs is an strategy used to combat the dissemination of pathogenic and drug resistant bacteria. However, the misuse of these drugs against bacteria have caused the selection of more resistant specimens called multidrug-resistant bacteria. Objective: In this work we evaluated the antibiotic activity of claritromicin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and imipenen, alone or associating one by one, against strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Material and methods: The minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) was performed using the microdilution assay. Based in the mic values, the antibiotic effect of the drugs alone and in association were determined. Results: The association between the drugs demonstrated the synergism against the bacterial strains. Conclusion: The use of the combined antibiotic-therapy can be positively performed, but additional studies have to be conducted first for proving that its use is safe.
Subject(s)
Humans , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Staphylococcus , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Drug Combinations , Escherichia coliABSTRACT
The guava fruit, Psidium guajava var. pomifera (Myrtaceae family), is a native plant from South America. Its leaves and fruits are widely used in popular medicine in tropical and subtropical countries. Drosophila melanogaster has been used as one of the main model organisms in genetic studies since the 1900s. The extensive knowledge about this species makes it one of the most suitable organisms to study many aspects of toxic compound effects. Due to the lack of studies on the effects of the bioactive compounds present in the P. guajava var. pomifera essential oil, we performed a phytochemical characterization by CG-MS and evaluated the toxicity induced by the essential oil in the D. melanogaster insect model. In order to understand the biochemical mechanisms of toxicity, changes on the Nrf2 signaling as well as hallmarks of oxidative stress response were followed in the exposed flies. Our results showed that exposure of insects to the P. guajava oil increased mortality and locomotor deficits in parallel with an oxidative stress response signaling. Therefore, it suggested a bioinsecticidal activity for P. guajava volatile compounds by means of oxidative stress. Further studies are ongoing to identify which oil compounds are responsible for such effect.
Subject(s)
Drosophila melanogaster/drug effects , Drosophila melanogaster/metabolism , Myrtaceae/chemistry , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Psidium/chemistry , Animals , Female , Fumigation/methods , MaleABSTRACT
Objetivo: Estudos recentes apontam a utilização de plantas na forma de sucos ou chás como fontes de agentes antioxidantes naturais que apresentam baixo risco podendo ser utilizado no auxílio do tratamento de várias doenças. Materiais e métodos: Neste contexto, avaliaram-se os potenciais antioxidantes, in vitro, dos extratos de Eugenia uniflora e Psidium sobraleanum, além de quantificar fenóis e flavonoides presentes nos extratos. Resultados: De acordo com os resultados obtidos, observou-se uma melhor atividade antioxidante para o extrato de Eugenia uniflora, para o teste de TBARS com fosfolipídio de ovo, os extratos reduziram os níveis basais no processo de peroxidação lipídica, e quando induzidos por Fe2+ o extrato de Psidium sobraleanum mostrouse mais eficiente. Conclusões: Portanto, através destes ensaios pode-se verificar que os extratos das folhas das espécies, Eugenia uniflora e Psidium sobraleanum, apresentam uma atividade antioxidante, diretamente relacionada com substâncias fenólicas produzidas a partir do seu metabolismo secundário.
Objetivo: Estudios recientes reportan la utilización de plantas en forma de zumos o té como fuente de agentes antioxidantes naturales que presentan bajo riesgo, pudiendo ser utilizados como complemento del tratamiento de diversas enfermedades. Materiales y métodos: En este contexto, se evaluarán in vitro, los potenciales antioxidantes, de los extractos de Eugenia uniflora y Psidium sobraleanum, además de cuantificar fenoles y flavonoides presentes en los extractos. Resultados: De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, se observó una mejor actividad antioxidante con el extracto de Eugenia uniflora, en el test de TBARS con fofolípidos de huevo, los extractos redujeron los niveles basales en el proceso de peroxidación lipídica; y cuando fue inducida con Fe+2, el extracto de Psidium sobraleanum se mostró más eficiente. Conclusiones: Por lo tanto, a través de estos ensayos se pudo comprobar que los extractos de las hojas de las especies Eugenia uniflora y Psidium sobraleanum presentan actividad antioxidante, directamente relacionada con sustancias fenólicas producidas a partir de sus metabolitos secundarios.
Objective: Evaluation of antioxidant activity has been an important issue considering its importance in human health. Recent studies show that the use of plants in the form of juices or teas as sources of natural antioxidants with low risk can be used as an aid to the treatment of various diseases. Material and Methods: Evaluation of the antioxidant potential in vitro, extracts of Eugenia uniflora and Psidium sobraleanum, as well as the quantification of phenols and flavonoids present in the extracts. Results: Findings showed a better antioxidant activity for the extract of Eugenia uniflora. In the TBARS test with egg phospholipids, extracts presented a reduction in the basal levels in the lipid peroxidation process; and when the Fe2 + extract was inducted, Psidium sobraleanum proved to be more efficient.. Conclusions: These tests proved that the extracts of leaves of the species Eugenia uniflora and Psidium sobraleanum present antioxidant activity which is directly related to phenolic substances produced in its secondary metabolism.
Subject(s)
Humans , Lipid Peroxidation , Biological Products , Plant Extracts , Psidium , Phenolic Compounds , Eugenia , AntioxidantsABSTRACT
A leishmaniose e a doenþa de Chagas tem sido um grande desafio, no que diz respeito O sua terapÛutica. Devido O grande dificuldade de encontrar fármacos que garantam uma aþÒo terapÛutica eficiente e menos agressora O espécie humana, diferentes produtos naturais vÛm sendo testados. Muitas espécies vegetais foram investigadas quanto O sua aþÒo leishmanicida e tripanocida na expectativa de que seus compostos metabólicos possuam atividade antiparasitária e ausÛncia ou baixa citotoxicidade. Neste estudo sobre bioatividade do a-pineno e carvacrol, avaliaram-se os potenciais leishmanicida e tripanocida. O carvacrol apresentou um percentual de inibiþÒo de 38,34% e 74,12% para as formas promastigotas e epimastigotas respectivamente, na concentraþÒo de 100Ag/mL, apresentando uma citotoxicidade de 21,62%. O a-pineno apresentou 100% e 5,30% de inibiþÒo para as formas epimastigota e promastigota na concentraþÒo de 100 Ag/mL, com citotoxicidade de 87,88%.(AU)
Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease represent a great challenge against the modern therapeutics. Due the high difficult to find new drugs with therapeutic efficacy and low toxicity, several natural products had been screened. Many species of plants were investigated about their leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities. Some phytocompounds are the a-pinene and carvacrol. In this work, we evaluated the bioactivities of a-pinene and carvacrol against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania braziliensis cell lines. The carvacrol inhibited 38,34% and 74,12% of the promatigote and epimastigote forms, respectively at 100 Ag/mL, showing a low cytotoxic activity (21,62%). The O a-pinene inhibited 100% and 5,30% against the epimastigote and promastigote forms respectively, at 100 Ag/mL, showing a higher cytotoxic activity (87,88%).(AU)
ABSTRACT
A leishmaniose e a doença de Chagas tem sido um grande desafio, no que diz respeito à sua terapêutica. Devido à grande dificuldade de encontrar fármacos que garantam uma ação terapêutica eficiente e menos agressora à espécie humana, diferentes produtos naturais vêm sendo testados. Muitas espécies vegetais foram investigadas quanto à sua ação leishmanicida e tripanocida na expectativa de que seus compostos metabólicos possuam atividade antiparasitária e ausência ou baixa citotoxicidade. Neste estudo sobre bioatividade do a-pineno e carvacrol, avaliaram-se os potenciais leishmanicida e tripanocida. O carvacrol apresentou um percentual de inibição de 38,34% e 74,12% para as formas promastigotas e epimastigotas respectivamente, na concentração de 100µg/mL, apresentando uma citotoxicidade de 21,62%. O a-pineno apresentou 100% e 5,30% de inibição para as formas epimastigota e promastigota na concentração de 100 µg/mL, com citotoxicidade de 87,88%.
Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease represent a great challenge against the modern therapeutics. Due the high difficult to find new drugs with therapeutic efficacy and low toxicity, several natural products had been screened. Many species of plants were investigated about their leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities. Some phytocompounds are the a-pinene and carvacrol. In this work, we evaluated the bioactivities of a-pinene and carvacrol against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania braziliensis cell lines. The carvacrol inhibited 38,34% and 74,12% of the promatigote and epimastigote forms, respectively at 100 µg/mL, showing a low cytotoxic activity (21,62%). The O a-pinene inhibited 100% and 5,30% against the epimastigote and promastigote forms respectively, at 100 µg/mL, showing a higher cytotoxic activity (87,88%).
Subject(s)
Chagas Disease/drug therapy , Leishmaniasis/drug therapy , Trypanocidal Agents/therapeutic use , Trypanocidal Agents/toxicity , Antiparasitic Agents/toxicity , Origanum , Toxicity Tests/methodsABSTRACT
Introdução: o mercúrio constitui um dos metais mais tóxicos e sua contaminação tem sido alvo de muitos estudos que buscam desvendar os mecanismos envolvidos em sua toxicidade e seus efeitos deletérios para os seres vivos. A espécie Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.-Hil.) Saff., conhecida popularmente como araticum-bravo, ata-brava e ata de lobo, tem sido utilizada na medicina popular como anti-reumáticas, para o tratamento de disfunções renais, dores na coluna e no estômago, e contra pediculose. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito citoprotetor do extrato etanólico e frações de D. furfuracea frente ao metal pesado cloreto de mercúrio (HgCl 2). Métodos: a caracterização dos metabólitos secundários foi realizada através de prospecção fitoquímica, na qual se observam a alteração de cor ou formação de precipitados após adição de reagentes específicos. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) foi determinada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo e a Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) verificada utilizando placas de petri com HIA (Heart Infusion Agar) para transferência das soluções incubadas em placas de microdiluição. Resultados: a prospecção fitoquímica revelou a presença de taninos, flavonoides e alcaloides. Todas as amostras apresentaram um CIM ≥ 1024 µg/mL. De acordo com os resultados obtidos na CBM, o extrato etanólico e as frações de D. furfuracea, exceto a fração hexânica, apresentaram atividade citoprotetora à bactéria E. coli frente ao metal pesado cloreto de mercúrio, sendo essa ação atribuída às propriedades quelantes dos flavonoides. Conclusões: os dados obtidos indicam a espécie D. furfuracea como uma fonte promissora no combate a metais pesados, apresentando-se como protetora de seres procariontes. Este é o primeiro relato do uso de plantas medicinais como agente citoprotetor em modelo bacteriano.
Introduction: mercury is one of the most toxic metals. Contamination by mercury has been the object of many studies aimed at unraveling the mechanisms involved in its toxicity and its harmful effects on living beings. The species Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.-Hil.) Saff., popularly known asaraticum-bravo’, ‘ata-brava’ and ‘ata de lobo’, has been used in folk medicine as antirheumatic and for the treatment of renal dysfunction, spinal pain, stomach ache and pediculosis. Objective: evaluate the cytoprotective effect of the ethanolic extract and fractions of D. furfuracea against the heavy metal mercury chloride (HgCl 2). Methods: characterization of secondary metabolites was performed by phytochemical screening, in which color change and precipitate formation are examined after the addition of specific reagents. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by broth microdilution, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was verified using petri plates with HIA (heart infusion agar) to transfer the solutions incubated on microdilution plates. Results: phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids an alkaloids. All samples exhibited a MIC ≥ 1024 µg/mL. MBC results showed that the ethanolic extract and all fractions of D. furfuracea except for the hexane fraction have cytoprotective activity by the bacterium E. coli against mercury chloride, an action attributed to the chelating properties of flavonoids. Conclusions: data point to the promising value of the species D. furfuracea against heavy metals, presenting as protectors of procaryote beings. This is the first report on the use of medicinal plants as cytoprotective agents on the bacterial model.
Introducción: el mercurio es uno de los metales más tóxicos y su contaminación ha sido objeto de muchos estudios que tratan de desentrañar los mecanismos implicados en su toxicidad y sus efectos nocivos en los seres vivos. La especie Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.-Hil.) Saff., popularmente conocido como ‘araticum-bravo’, ‘ata-brava’ y ‘ata de lobo’, se ha utilizado en la medicina popular como un anti-reumático para el tratamiento de la disfunción renal, dolor vertebral y de estómago, y contra la pediculosis. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto citoprotector del extracto de etanol y fracciones de D. furfuracea al metal pesado cloruro de mercurio (HgCl2). Métodos: la caracterización de metabolitos secundarios se realizó mediante la prospección fitoquímica, en la que se observa el cambio de color o la formación de precipitados después de la adición de los reactivos específicos. La Concentración Inhibitoria Mínima (CIM) se determinó mediante microdilución en caldo y la Concentración Bactericida Mínima (CBM) verificada usando placas de petri con HIA ( Heart Infusion Agar) para transferencia de las soluciones incubadas en placas de microdilución. Resultados: la prospección fitoquímica reveló la presencia de taninos, flavonoides y alcaloides. Todas las muestras presentaron una CIM ≥ 1024 µg/mL. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos en la CBM, el extracto de etanol y fracciones de D. furfuracea, excepto la fracción de hexano, mostraron actividad citoprotectora de la bacteria E. coli delante del cloruro de mercurio, siendo esa acción atribuida a las propiedades quelantes de los flavonoides. Conclusiones: los datos obtenidos indican que la especie D. furfuracea como una fuente prometedora para combatir los metales pesados, que se presentan como protectores de seres procariotas. Este es el primer informe del uso de plantas medicinales como agente citoprotector en el modelo bacteriano.
ABSTRACT
Introdução: a Pseudomonas aeruginosaé conhecida por causar infecção aguda pela produção de toxinas. Alguns espécimes deStaphylococcus são frequentemente reconhecidos como agentes etiológicos de infecções oportunistas em muitos animais e homens. Escherichia colié uma das principais causas de doenças infecciosas humanas. O gênero Candida produz diversos fatores de virulência, as infecções são provavelmente iniciadas por modificações de defesas do hospedeiro. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito antimicrobiano do extrato hexânico de Costus cf. e modulação da atividade antibiótica de Costus cf. Arabicus L. Métodos: o material botânico de Costus cf. Arabicus L., foi coletado no município de Crato, Ceará, Brasil. Para a preparação dos extratos foram coletados folhas e caules frescos, submersos em hexano separadamente por 72 h, sendo apósesse período, filtrado e concentrado em condensador rotativo a vácuo. Foram realizados testes de atividade antimicrobiana (CIM) e modulação da atividade antimicrobiana com cepas padrões e multirresistentes de bactérias e fungos. Resultados: o extrato demonstrou atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica quando combinados com alguns antimicrobianos contra algumas linhagens testadas. Conclusões: portanto, é sugerido que o extrato de Costus cf. pode ser utilizado como uma fonte de productos naturais na terapêutica antimicrobiana e no combate a multirresistência bacteriana e fúngica.
Introducción: Pseudomonas aeruginosa se sabe que causa la infección aguda por la producción de toxinas. Algunos ejemplares de Staphylococcus suelen ser reconocidos como agentes etiológicos de las infecciones oportunistas en muchos animales y seres humanos. Escherichia coli es una de las principales causas de las enfermedades infecciosas humanas. El género Candida produce varios factores de virulencia, las infecciones son probablemente iniciadas por los cambios en las defensas del huésped. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto antimicrobiano del extracto de hexano de Costus cf. y la modulación de la actividad antibiótica de Costus cf. Arabicus L. Métodos: el material botánico de Costus cf. arabicus L. se recogió en Crato, Ceará, Brasil. Para la preparación de extractos se recogieron las hojas y los tallos frescos por separado y se sumergieron en hexano durante 72 horas, después de eso, se filtró y se concentró en un condensador de vacío rotatorio. Se realizaron ensayos de actividad antimicrobiana (MIC), modulación con cepas multirresistentes y patrones de bacterias y hongos. Resultados: el extracto mostró actividad antibacteriana y antifúngica cuando se combinan con algunos antibióticos contra algunas cepas ensayadas. Conclusiones: por lo tanto, el extracto de Costus cf. se puede utilizar como una fuente de productos naturales en la terapia antimicrobiana y en la lucha contra la resistencia a múltiples fármacos de bacterias y hongos.
Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to cause acute infection due to the production of toxins. Some specimens of Staphylococcus are often recognized as the etiologic agents of opportunistic infections in many animals and humans. Escherichia coli is a leading cause of human infectious diseases. The genus Candida produces several virulence factors. Infections are probably initiated by changes in host defenses. Objective: evaluate the antimicrobial effect of hexane extract of Costus cf. and themodulation of Costus cf. Arabicus. L. antibiotic activity. Methods: botanical material from Costus cf. arabicus L. was collected at Crato, Ceará, Brazil. For the preparation of extracts fresh leaves and stems were collected, separately immersed in hexane for 72 hours, and thereafter filtered and concentrated in a rotary vacuum condenser. Tests of antimicrobial activity (MIC) and antimicrobial activity modulation were conducted with multiresistant strain patterns of bacteria and fungi. Results: the extract showed antibacterial and antifungal activity against some of the strains tested when combined with some antibiotics. Conclusions: therefore, it is suggested that the extract of Costus cf. be used as a source of natural products for antimicrobial therapy and to combat bacterial and fungal multidrug resistance.
ABSTRACT
Introdução: as doenças negligenciadas persistem por conta de falhas da ciência e acometem principalmente países em desenvolvimento, como exemplos podemos citar a doença de Chagas e a leishmaniose. Objetivo: avaliar o potencial antiparasitário in vitro de um terpenóide componente de óleo essencial, o cariofileno e o eugenol, contra as formas epimastigota e promastigota de T. cruzi e L. brasiliensis, respectivamente, bem como verificar sua citotoxicidade em células de mamíferos. Métodos: para os estudos in vitro de T. cruzi, foi usado o clone B5-CL, estavelmente transfectadas com o gene de Escherichia coli ß-galactosidase (lacZ). Os ensaios de inibição de promastigotas foram realizadas utilizando a estirpe de L. braziliensis, cultivadas a 22 ºC em meio de Schneider de Drosophila suplementado com FBS a 20 %. Para os testes de atividade antiepimastigota, antipromastigota foram utilizados placas de 96 poços com culturas que não tinham atingido a fase estacionária. Os ensaios de citotoxicidade utilizado estirpe de fibroblastos NCTC929 cultivadas em Meio Essencial Mínimo (Sigma). A viabilidade dessas linhagens através da utilização de resazurina como um método colorimétrico. Resultados: as substâncias cariofileno e eugenol foram testadas quanto à atividade antiepimastigota, antipromastigota e quanto à citotoxidade. Foi visto um efeito clinicamente relevante do cariofileno contra os parasitas T. cruzi e L. brasiliensi. Conclusões: os resultados mostram que o cariofileno obteve um melhor resultado quando comparado ao eugenol, sendo capaz de inibir o crescimento dos parasitas testados mostrando uma alternativa contra T. cruzi e L. brasiliensi. Em relação à citotoxidade novos testes deverão ser realizados para futuros testes in vivo.
Introducción: las enfermedades desatendidas persisten debido a los fracasos de la ciencia y afectan principalmente a los países en desarrollo, como ejemplos se pueden citar la enfermedad de Chagas y la leishmaniasis. Objetivo: evaluar el potencial de un componente in vitro terpenoide antiparasitario aceite esencial, el cariofileno y eugenol contra epimastigotes y promastigotes de Trypanosoma cruzi y Leishmania brasiliensis, respectivamente, así como comprobar su citotoxicidad en células de mamífero. Métodos: para los estudios in vitro de Trypanosoma cruzi, se utilizó el clon B5-CL, transfectadas establemente con el gen de la ß galactosidasa de Escherichia coli-(lacZ). Los ensayos de inhibición se realizaron con la cepa promastigotes de Leishmania braziliensis, se cultivó a 22 °C en medio de Schneider de Drosophila suplementado con FBS 20 %. Para la actividad de las pruebas antiepimastigota y antipromastigota, se utilizaron placas de 96 pocillos con cultivos que no habían alcanzado la fase estacionaria. En los ensayos de citotoxicidad se utilizó NCTC929, cepa de fibroblastos cultivados en medio esencial mínimo (Sigma). La viabilidad de estas cepas se evaluó mediante el uso de la resazurina como un método colorimétrico. Resultados: las sustancias cariofileno y eugenol se ensayaron para determinar la actividad antiepimastigota y antipromastigota, respecto a citotoxicidad. Se observó un efecto clínicamente relevante de cariofileno contra los parásitos Trypanosoma cruzi y Leishmania brasiliensis. Conclusiones: los resultados muestran que con el cariofileno se ha obtenido un mejor resultado en comparación con eugenol, siendo capaz de inhibir el crecimiento de parásitos que presentan una alternativa probada contra Trypanosoma cruzi y Leishmania brasiliensis. En cuanto a las pruebas de citotoxicidad, nuevos estudios deben llevarse a cabo para realizar más pruebas in vivo.
Introduction: neglected diseases continue to exist due to failures in science. They mainly affect developing countries. Two examples of neglected diseases are Chagas' disease and leishmaniasis. Objective: evaluate the potential of an in vitro antiparasitic terpenoid essential oil component, caryophyllene and eugenol, against epimastigotes and promastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania brasiliensis, respectively, and verify their cytotoxicity in mammal cells. Methods: for in vitro studies of Trypanosoma cruzi, the B5-CL clone was used, stably transfected with the beta-galactosidase gene of Escherichia coli-(lacZ). Inhibition assays were performed on the promastigote strain of Leishmania braziliensis, cultured at 22°C in a Schneider's medium of Drosophila supplemented with 20% FBS. For anti-epimastigote and anti-promastigote activity tests, 96-well plates were used with cultures which had not reached their stationary stage. NCTC929 was used in cytotoxicity tests, a strain of fibroblasts cultured in minimum essential medium (Sigma). The viability of these strains was evaluated using resazurine as colorimetric method. Results: the substances caryophyllene and eugenol were assayed to determine their anti-epimastigote and anti-promastigote activity with respect to cytotoxicity. it was found that caryophyllene has a clinically relevant effect against the parasites Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania brasiliensis. Conclusions: results show that caryophyllene was more effective than eugenol, inhibiting the growth of parasites and thus constituting a proven alternative against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania brasiliensis. As to cytotoxicity testing, new studies should be conducted in which more in vivo tests are performed.
ABSTRACT
Nas últimas décadas, a resistência bacteriana frente aos antimicrobianos se constituiu em um sério problema para a saúde pública, impondo barreiras ao controle de diversas espécies de microrganismos. O carvacrol é um composto fenólico geralmenete encontrado como componente majoritário do óleo essencial de algumas plantas como Origanum vulgare (orégano), Lippia graveolens (Lípia) e Lipia sidoides (alecrim-pimenta). Estudos demonstram a atividade antibacteriana do orégano, possivelmente devido ao carvacrol. Para avaliar a ação antimicrobiana desse composto, foram utilizadas linhagens padrão bacterianas (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 e Pseudomonasa aeruginosa ATCC15442) e fúngicas (Candida albicans ICB12, C. krusei ATCC6258 e C. tropicalis ATCC13803). Os métodos de microdiluição em caldo e de contato gasoso foram utilizados para determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a dose inibitória mínima (DIM) respectivamente, bem como a atividade moduladora da ação antibiótica através de ambos os métodos. O carvacrol, combinado em concentrações subinibitórias com as drogas antimicrobianas apresentou resultados relevantes frente às cepas de Staphylococcus aureus e Candida albicans, por tanto este estudo permitiu comprovar a atividade moduladora do carvacrol.
In the last decades, the bacterial resistance to antimicrobials becomes a serious problem of public health, creating several difficulties to control several microrganisms with nosocomial interest. The carvacrol, the main phenol compound of many plants as Origanum vulgare, Lippia graveolens and Lipia sidoides. Studies demonstrated and intensive antibacterial activity of O. vulgare, probably due the carvacrol. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of this compound, were assayed microbial strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Pseudomonas eruginosa ATCC15442, Candida albicans ICB12, C. krusei ATCC6258 and C. tropicalis ATCC 13803. Using the microdilution and the gaseous contact method, were determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum inhibitory dose (DIM), respectively as well as the modulatory activity with both methods. The carvacrol, used in subinhibitory concentrations associated with antimicrobial drugs demonstrated an interesting modulatory activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans strains, indicating the antimicrobial and modulatory activity of this compound.