ABSTRACT
This paper provides evidence on (1) refugees' subjective well-being, (2) their access and barriers to health care utilization and (3) their perception of health care provision in Austria, one of the countries most heavily affected by the European 'refugee crisis.' It is based on primary data from the Refugee Health and Integration Survey (ReHIS), a cross-sectional survey of roughly five hundred Syrian, Iraqi and Afghan refugees. Results indicate that refugees' self-rated health falls below the resident population's, in particular for female and Afghan refugees. Whereas respondents state overall high satisfaction with the Austrian health system, two in ten male and four in ten female refugees report unmet health needs. Most frequently cited barriers include scheduling conflicts, long waiting lists, lack of knowledge about doctors, and language. Although treatment costs were not frequently considered as barriers, consultation of specialist medical services frequently associated with co-payment by patients, in particular dental care, are significantly less often consulted by refugees than by Austrians. Refugees reported comparably high utilization of hospital services, with daycare treatment more common than inpatient stays. We recommend to improve refugees' access to health care in Austria by a) improving the information flow about available treatment, in particular specialists, b) fostering dental health care for refugees, and c) addressing language barriers by providing (web-based) interpretation services.
Subject(s)
Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Refugees , Adult , Afghanistan/ethnology , Austria , Communication Barriers , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dental Care/statistics & numerical data , Female , Health Care Costs , Health Status , Humans , Iraq/ethnology , Male , Middle Aged , Patient Satisfaction , Surveys and Questionnaires , Syria/ethnology , Waiting ListsABSTRACT
The reaction of meta- and para-bromomethylene-azobenzenes with 1-methyl-imidazole yields the respective meta-/para-functionalized azobenzenes tagged with an imidazolium group. Similar reactions of ortho- and para-bromo-azobenzene with imidazole and successive quaternation with benzylbromide give the analogues, with an imidazolium group in ortho/para substituted azobenzenes. With the exception of the ortho derivative, all imidazolium salts could be transformed into their respective silver(i) complexes by reaction with Ag2O. Transmetallation of these silver(i) complexes with (Me2S)AuCl gives the azobenzene-containing complexes (NHC)AuCl. Two of these formed crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction, which revealed the typical linear coordination geometry of the NHC-Au-Cl moiety. All gold complexes feature EâZ photo-isomerisation upon irradiation with UV light. The thermal back reaction to the E-isomers is relatively slow and comparable to that of other azobenzene compounds.
ABSTRACT
In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Ag(3)Cl(C(8)H(15)N(3))(6)]Cl(2), the Ag(I) ion, which is located on a twofold rotation axis, exists in a T-shape coordination environment. Two carbene C atoms of the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands are bonded tightly forming a slightly bent [Ag(NHC)(2)](+) cation [C-Ag-C angle = 162.80â (18)°]. Three of these complex cations are further aggregated by one bridging chloride anion, which is lying on a threefold rotoinversion axis and is only loosely binding to the Ag(+) ions. The N atom of the amine group is not engaged in any coordinative bond.
