ABSTRACT
Influenza A (H1N1) commonly known as swine flu, has covered a large part of the globe rapidly since the outbreak started in Mexico on 18th March, 2009. Given the rapid worldwide spread of the virus, it is important to identify the symptoms that require screening for influenza A(H1N1). Therefore, this study was planned to determine the clinical predictors of influenza A(H1N1) in the population of Kanpur city. Study sample comprised all cases with flu-like symptoms suspected of having influenza A(H1N1) whose nasopharyngeal samples had been sent for laboratory examination. Of the 119 samples sent to the laboratory, 34 were found to be positive for influenza A(H1N1). Best predictors found were fever with shortness of breath (positive predictive value=87.5%) followed by fever with cough without other cold like features (positive predictive value=68.6%). None of the clinical signs had all the attributes of a good predictor of influenza A(H1N1). Fever with cough was the most sensitive (70.6%) and fever with shortness of breath was the most specific indicator (98.8%). Therefore, it was concluded that symptoms like fever with cough without other cold like features and fever with shortness of breath should not be ignored and require expert medical attention for screening of influenza A(H1N1).
Subject(s)
Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Influenza, Human/diagnosis , Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , India/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study acid-base imbalance in common pediatric diseases (such as sepsis, bronchopneumonia, diarrhea, birth-asphyxia etc.) in neonates. DESIGN AND SETTING: An observational study was conducted in an emergency room of a tertiary teaching care hospital in Haryana, India. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty neonates (from first hour to one month) attending pediatric emergency services with various ailments. Blood gas analysis, electrolytes, plasma lactate, and plasma albumin were estimated in neonates. RESULTS: Metabolic acidosis was the most common acid-base disorder. Hyperlactatemia was observed in more than half of such cases. Birth asphyxia was another common disorder with the highest mortality in neonates followed by bronchopneumonia and sepsis. Significant correlation between mortality and critical values of lactate was observed. CONCLUSION: Birth asphyxia with high-lactate levels in neonates constituted major alterations in acid-base disorders seen in an emergency room of a tertiary teaching care hospital. Plasma lactate concentration measurement provides an invaluable tool to assess type of metabolic acidosis in addition to predicting mortality in these neonates.
