ABSTRACT
This work is registered in the year (2013) commemorating the 120 years since Jean-Martin Charcot's (1825-1893) death. Presently, the event takes place during 2013, in France, in Paris, at Hôpital de la Salpêtrière where Charcot practiced as medical chief of l'Hospice de la Vieillesse-Femmes, from 1862 until he died in 1893. The aim of the research is to show, from various examples and sources (printed and handwritten: fonds d'archives Charcot de la Salpêtrière) how talented Charcot was as a clinician, pathologist and microscopist, researcher and experimenter, teacher, artist, designer, cartoonist, polyglot and traveller), how varied his medical career was and how innovative his scientific method was. All this permitted Charcot to make an impressive number of medical discoveries in various fields which are today known as geriatrics and rheumatology, internal medicine, cardiology, neurology, psychiatry and paranormal processes.
Subject(s)
Biomedical Research/history , Hysteria/history , Neurology/history , France , History, 19th Century , Humans , Psychiatry/history , Rheumatology/historyABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to analyse the technical, conceptual and institutional changes from which, through macroscopic pathology, a new medical science (microscopic pathology) emerged. The "early" pathology was mainly implemented by the Ecole de Paris, at the beginning of the 19th century. After 1850, histo-pathology emerged, in German university institutes (which were separate buildings from the wards and from the dissecting rooms of the hospitals). The birth of histo-pathology is also linked with technical improvements in mass manufactured microscopes, with better techniques for fixing and staining histological samples and lastly, in (1848) withVirchow's cellular theory. Among French doctors, only one, the very famous physician Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) was aware of these dramatic changes. Charcot wrote many texts which are testimonies of an epistemological rupture between two very different types of medicine, the old French "médecine d'hôpital" and the new "lab medicine", developed in German speaking countries and based on the microscope.
Subject(s)
Pathology, Clinical/history , France , Germany , History, 19th Century , Microscopy/historyABSTRACT
On January 16, 1793, seven hundred aud forty nine deputies of the National Convention are called on to express their opinion by word of mouth about this question: "What penalty Louis, former king of the French, brought upon himself ?" Among these deputies, 47 are or were physicians : 22 vote for death without delay, 3 for suspended death sentence, 20 for indulgence (imprisonment till the peace and banishment thereafter), and 2 refuse to vote. This paper aims at summarizing the attitude of the physicians-deputies, and more specifically those of Pierre-Joseph Duhem, at the time of one of the most famous trials of the history of France.
Subject(s)
Capital Punishment/history , Capital Punishment/legislation & jurisprudence , France , Government/history , History, 18th Century , Humans , Physicians/historyABSTRACT
A previous Eloge has been pronounced on June 30, 2001 during the work session of the French and the International Societies of History of Medicine. It was devoted to the various aspects of the medical, historical and public career of Prof Jean-Charles Sournia (November 24, 1917-June 8, 2000). The present session of the French Society of History of Medicine hold in Bourges, on June, 18, 2005 is an accomplishment of the wish of this child of Bourges, the capital of Berry. In this intoductive paper, from family testimonies and photographies, details are given about the childhood of Jean-Charles Sournia in Berry, his scholarship and his family. Sournia was deeply attached to the family house, to the city where he was born and to its hospital, called hôtel-Dieu.
Subject(s)
France , History of Medicine , History, 20th Century , Hospitals/history , Insurance, Health/history , Societies/historyABSTRACT
In Lituania, during the second mid-nineteenth century, a Polish and Jewish ophtalmologist, doctor Zamenhof (1859-1917) created an universal and non-national language, he called "esperanto". This "a posteriori" language, constituted from various indo-european existing roots, was the essential tool, the first step to abolish the differences between human ethnies, nationalities and religions. This project aimed to instaure universal fraternity, Zamenhof strongly wished. Using paper and electronic (available on esperanto.org website) sources, the paper analyzes what were Zamenhof's life and works. In a next study, his universal approach will be put back in the ideological context of the period.
Subject(s)
Ophthalmology/history , Physicians/history , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , LithuaniaABSTRACT
A previous paper detailed the life and the works of Louis-Lazare Zamenhof (1857-1917), a young physician, born in Lituania, of Jewish origin, specialiazed in ophtalmology. Zamenhof created a new universal language he called "Esperanto". The study continues Zamenhof's biography, from 1905, date of the first international esperantist congress, at Boulogne-sur-Mer, in France to 1917, year of Zamenhof's death, during World War I. The paper will restitute Zamenhof's ideology in the history of the ideas of the XXth century, such as nationalisms, internationalism, pacifism and universalism of Human Right.
Subject(s)
International Cooperation , Language , Ophthalmology , Physicians , Warfare , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Lithuania , PolandABSTRACT
The aim of this work is to assess, on an historical and critical point of view, the new psychological perspective, introduced by Charcot (1825-1893), during the ten last years (1882-1892) of his life to explain hysteria symptomas. From clinical examples (hypnosis and hypnotherapy, "hystero-traumatism", "psychological theory of hysteria", "faith healing"), the paper shows how psychological dimension went back into the Parisian Hospital Medicine. This occurred on the late XIXth century, just one century after Mesmer, when Freud was Charcot's intern, at La Salpêtrière hospital, during years 1885-1886. The return of a non-rational thought into hospital medicine upset the organicist concepts of the Parisian "Ecole anatomo-clinique".
Subject(s)
Hospitals, Psychiatric/history , Hysteria/history , Psychoanalysis/legislation & jurisprudence , Unconscious, Psychology , France , History, 19th CenturyABSTRACT
The Japanese anatomist Buntaro Adachi (1865-1945) has to be regarded as the pivotal figure of vascular anatomy of all times. His masterpiece, "Das Arteriensystem der Japaner" was published in 1928 as a result of over thirty years of research on hundreds of bodies, and it remains today a bibliographical reference that can't be ignored. However, Buntaro Adachi intended writing much more than an encyclopedia of vascular anatomy : he wanted to introduce a concept of racial anatomy, pointing out the anatomical specificities in Japanese people, probably in reaction against the Chinese and then Occidental influence on anatomical knowledge in Japan.
