ABSTRACT
Adoptive immunotherapy using autologous T cells endowed with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) has emerged as a powerful means of treating cancer. However, a limitation of this approach is that autologous CAR T cells must be generated on a custom-made basis. Here we show that electroporation of transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) mRNA allows highly efficient multiplex gene editing in primary human T cells. We use this TALEN-mediated editing approach to develop a process for the large-scale manufacturing of T cells deficient in expression of both their αß T-cell receptor (TCR) and CD52, a protein targeted by alemtuzumab, a chemotherapeutic agent. Functionally, T cells manufactured with this process do not mediate graft-versus-host reactions and are rendered resistant to destruction by alemtuzumab. These characteristics enable the administration of alemtuzumab concurrently or prior to engineered T cells, supporting their engraftment. Furthermore, endowing the TALEN-engineered cells with a CD19 CAR led to efficient destruction of CD19(+) tumor targets even in the presence of the chemotherapeutic agent. These results demonstrate the applicability of TALEN-mediated genome editing to a scalable process, which enables the manufacturing of third-party CAR T-cell immunotherapies against arbitrary targets. As such, CAR T-cell immunotherapies can therefore be used in an "off-the-shelf" manner akin to other biologic immunopharmaceuticals
Subject(s)
Gene Knockout Techniques , Immunotherapy, Adoptive , T-Lymphocytes/transplantation , Alemtuzumab , Animals , Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology , Antigens, CD/genetics , Antigens, CD19/immunology , Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics , Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology , Base Sequence , CD52 Antigen , Cytotoxicity, Immunologic , Drug Resistance , Glycoproteins/deficiency , Glycoproteins/genetics , Graft vs Host Disease/prevention & control , Humans , Lymphocyte Activation , Lymphoma/therapy , Mice , Mice, Mutant Strains , Molecular Sequence Data , RNA, Messenger , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Transfection , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
Sequence-specific endonucleases recognizing long target sequences are emerging as powerful tools for genome engineering. These endonucleases could be used to correct deleterious mutations or to inactivate viruses, in a new approach to molecular medicine. However, such applications are highly demanding in terms of safety. Mutations in the human RAG1 gene cause severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Using the I-CreI dimeric LAGLIDADG meganuclease as a scaffold, we describe here the engineering of a series of endonucleases cleaving the human RAG1 gene, including obligate heterodimers and single-chain molecules. We show that a novel single-chain design, in which two different monomers are linked to form a single molecule, can induce high levels of recombination while safeguarding more effectively against potential genotoxicity. We provide here the first demonstration that an engineered meganuclease can induce targeted recombination at an endogenous locus in up to 6% of transfected human cells. These properties rank this new generation of endonucleases among the best molecular scissors available for genome surgery strategies, potentially avoiding the deleterious effects of previous gene therapy approaches.
