Respiratory muscle training in non-athletes and athletes with spinal cord injury: A systematic review of the effects on pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength and endurance, and cardiorespiratory fitness based on the FITT principle of exercise prescription.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory muscle training (RMT) has been recommended to mitigate impacts of spinal cord injuries (SCI), but the optimal dosage in terms of the frequency, intensity, time, and type (FITT principle) to promote health in SCI individuals remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To discuss research related to the effects of RMT on pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in athletes and non-athletes with SCI, presenting the FITT principle. METHODS: We performed a systematic review. PubMed, Lilacs, Scopus, Web of Science, PEDro, SciELO and Cochrane databases were searched between 1989 and August 2018. Participants were athletes and non-athletes with SCI. RESULTS: 4,354 studies were found, of which only 17 met the eligibility criteria. Results indicated that RMT is associated with beneficial changes in pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength and endurance among athletes and non-athletes, whereas no effect was reported for maximal oxygen uptake. It was not possible to establish an optimal RMT dose from the FITT principle, but combined inspiratory/expiratory muscle training seems to promote greater respiratory changes than isolated IMT or EMT. CONCLUSION: The use of RMT elicits benefits in ventilatory variables of athletes and non-athletes with SCI. However, it remains unclear which RMT type and protocol should be used to maximize benefits.

Dissimilaridade entre o estado de humor, humor deprimido e qualidade de vida em atletas com deficiência visual / Disimilitud entre el estado de ánimo, el humor deprimido y la calidad de vida en atletas con discapacidad visual / Dissimilarity among mood stat e, depressed humor and quality of life in athletes with visual impairment

O objetivo foi avaliar o estado de humor, o humor deprimido e a qualidade de vida de atletas de rendimento com deficiência visual, assim como a dissimilaridade entre estes constructos e a prática esportiva. Foi realizado um estudo seccional com 44 atletas com baixa visão ou cegueira total (26,8 ± 6,0 anos de idade; 72,7% homens), sendo 11 atletas de futebol de cinco, 14 de goalball, 2 de atletismo e 17 de judo. Os seguintes instrumentos na sua versão em portugues foram utilizados: (I) Profile of Mood States (POMS); (II) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) e (III) Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Os participantes apresentaram o perfil de iceberg desejável para a POMS, 81,8% apresentou "nenhum risco" de transtorno depressivo e todos os escores dos domínios do SF-36 estavam acima da média. Foi encontrada correlação positiva entre a duração da sessão de treino e o fator "vigor" da POMS, dentre outras. Os participantes do estudo apresentaram perfil positivo nos estados de humor, baixo risco de ocorrência de transtorno depressivo e uma percepção positiva de qualidade de vida. Parece haver proximidade de elementos da prática esportiva com os estados de humor e domínios da qualidade de vida, e portanto devem ser acompanhados

El objetivo fue evaluar el estado de ánimo, el estado de ánimo deprimido y lacalidad de vida de los atletas com discapacidad visual, así como la disparidad entre estos constructos y la práctica deportiva. Se realiz o um estudio transversal con 44 atletas con baja visión o ceguera total (26.8 ± 6.0 años de edad, 72.7% hombres): 11 jugadores de fútbol de 5, 14 jugadores de goalball, 2 atletas de atletismo y 17 atletas de judo. Se utilizaron las versions brasileñas de l os siguientes instrumentos: (I) Profile of Mood States (POMS); (II) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) y (III) Medical Outcomes Study 36 - Item Short Form Health Survey (SF - 36). Los participantes presentaron el deseable perfil de iceberg para POMS, el 81.8% presen tó "sin riesgo" de transtorno depresivo y todos los puntajes de los dominios SF - 36 estuvieron por encima del promedio. Se encontró una correlación positiva entre la duración de la sesión de entrenamiento y el factor "vigor" del POMS, entre otros. Los parti cipantes del estúdio presentaron un perfil positivo en los estados de ánimo, un bajo riesgo de transtorno depresivo y una percepción positiva de la calidad de vida. Parece haber una cercanía entre los elementos de la práctica deportiva con los estados de h umor y los dominios de la calidad de vida, y por lo tanto deben acompañarse

The aim was to evaluate mood, depressed mood and quality of life of athletes wit h visual impairment, as well as the dissimilarity between these constructs and sports practice. A cross - sectional study was carried out with 44 athletes with low vision or total blindness (26.8 ± 6.0 years of age, 72.7% men): 11 five - a - side football player s, 14 goalball players, 2 athletics and 17 judo athletes. The Portuguese Brazilian versions of the following instruments were used: (I) Profile of Mood States (POMS); (II) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and (III) Medical Outcomes Study 36 - Item Short Form Health Survey (SF - 36). Participants presented the desirable iceberg profile for POMS, 81.8% presented "no risk" of depressive disorder and all scores of SF - 36 domains were above average. Positive correlation was found between the duration of the training s ession and the "vigor" factor of the POMS, among others. The study participants presented a positive profile in mood states, a low risk of depressive disorder and a positive perception of quality of life. There seems to be closeness of elements of sports p ractice with states of humor and domains of quality of life, and therefore must be accompanied