Multiple doping of CsI:Tl crystals and its effect on afterglow.

Despite the acknowledged advantages of CsI:Tl in many scintillator applications, a characteristic property that undermines its use in high-speed radiographic and radionuclide imaging is the presence of a strong afterglow component in its scintillation decay. This causes pulse pileup in high count-rate applications, reduced energy resolution in radionuclide imaging, and reconstruction artifacts in computed tomography applications. The research outlined here addresses the specific issue of suppressing the afterglow in CsI:Tl crystals by modifying them with codopants. In previous work we reported that one specific codopant, Eu(2+), was particularly effective in this regard, lowering the normalized intensity of the afterglow in the time range of 10 mus - 100 ms by almost two orders of magnitude compared to conventional material. We also found, however, that the extent of the suppressive effect was significantly influenced by the presence of additional additives, some of which were inadvertently introduced by the very material that provided the primary Eu codopant itself. The effects of these secondary codopants, which include elemental iodine and various oxidic species, are addressed in the present investigation.

Growth and remodelling of the dysplastic hip after conservative reduction in congenital dislocation.

This study presents the development and remodelling of 78 dysplastic hips treated conservatively. The hip joints were observed from the end of conservative treatment, during growth until maturity, up to the age of 18 years and beyond. We used 9 radiological parameters of hip structure. The parameters described the status of the acetabulum, proximal end of the femur and the joint congruity. The values of these parameters were compared with the norms established for healthy hips. The material was divided into groups with regard to the parameter values. It was found that hip congruity at the age from 2 to 5 years or from 2 to 7 years is the most important factor that determines the development of both the acetabulum and the whole joint. Based on the values of three radiological parameters, describing hip congruity at this period of life, it was found that the remodelling of a dysplastic hip follows one of three definable models. If we attribute the development of a given hip to a given model, then the status of this hip at maturity is predictable. What makes the prediction of the final condition of the hip feasible is the observation of the hip remodelling process from age 2 to 5 or 7 years. This also permits a decision regarding surgery to eliminate any dysplastic elements from the hip during the childs optimal age for operative treatment. (Hip International 2002; 12: 320-33).

[Clinical, radiological and personal condition of patients over 18 year of age with congenital hip dislocation treated conservatively]. / Stan kliniczny, radiologiczny i osobisty osób w wieku powyzej 18 lat, leczonych w dziecinstwie zachowawczo bez powiklan z powodu wrodzonego zwichniecia stawu biodrowego.

The paper presents the clinical, radiological and personal condition of 121 patients (162 hip joints) age 18 to 32 years (mean age 24 years) treated during childhood because of congenital hip dislocation. In 34% of the cases slight and moderate pain was reported, but no other symptoms were found during follow-up. Radiological condition was assessed as very good in 34% of the cases, good in 48%, satisfactory in 6% and unsatisfactory in 5%. Structural changes in spongy bone, which may be early signs of degenerative disease were found in 3 hips. These changes were visible on X-ray films as a sign of increased density in the upper rim of the acetabulum. The assessed patients lead a normal life, work, often doing a job that is inappropriate for people who should take special care of their hip joints.

[Normal values of some parameters determining congruency of the hip in the radiographic image]. / Normy niektórych parametów okreslajacych kongruencje stawu biodrowego w obrazie radiologicznym.

Normal values of 11 radiographic parameters determining hip congruency in radiographic picture are presented. These angles and indices are given for 1-7 years age group and subsequently 8-12, 13-16 and 17-22 years of age.

[Normal values of some parameters of the acetabulum and proximal femur in radiographic images]. / Normy niektórych parametrów budowy panewki stawu biodrowego i blizszego konca kosci udowej w obrazie radiologicznym.

Normal values of 9 angles and indices describing acetabulum and proximal femur are presented. Analysis of 260 normal hip joints in individuals from 1 to 22 years of age served to establish these values.

[Centering angles of the femoral head and neck in the dysplastic hip]. / Katy centrowania glowy i szyjki kosci udowej w dysplastycznym stawie biodrowym.

Centering angle of the femoral head determining relation of the head and acetabulum depending on the epiphyseal plane and acetabular roof coverage of the head is described. Centering angles of the neck indicating cranial or lateral dislocation of the proximal femur in relation to apparent shaft-neck angle and anteversion angle are also described. The parameters proved useful in grading of the dysplastic hip.

[Modifications of certain morphologic parameters in radiology of the hip joint]. / Modyfikacje niektórych parametrów budowy radiologicznej stawu biodrowego.

The modification of some angles and indices used in radiographic hip measurements have been presented. Idelberger and Frank angles, "hip value", roof-head index, decentration index were discussed. Advantages coming from the use of those modifications have been exposed.

[Treatment for congenital dislocation of the hip at the orthopedic department of the Institute of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation in Poznan from 1946 to 1991]. / Leczenie wrodzonego zwichniecia stawów biodrowych w Poznanskiej Klinice Ortopedycznej w latach 1946-1991.

During forty-five years (1946-1991) over 6000 children were treated conservatively and over 6000 surgical procedures for congenital dislocation of the hip were carried out at Orthopedic Department of Institute of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation in Poznan. Modalities of treatment, types and numbers of operations are presented.

[About the use of gonad shielding during the taking of hip joint x-rays]. / W sprawie stosowania oslony gonad przy wykonywaniu zdjec retgenowskich stawów biodrowych.

X-rays of hip joints taken without gonadal shield can be found both in the literature and scientific presentations. The shield reduces irradiation of the ovaries 30 times. The shape and the size of the shield has been offered. Organisational measures to use gonadal shields have been suggested.

[What determines treatment results of the Frejka pillow treatment for congenital hip dislocation?]. / Od czego zalezy wynik leczenia poduszka Frejki wrodzonej dysplazji stawu biodrowego z przemieszczeniem?

The results of treatment of 1008 hips in 779 children were analyzed and their dependence on objective factors established. The major influence is attributed to the initial displacement of the femoral head; the greater it is the worse is the result. The age at the onset of treatment influences results only indirectly with displacement increasing in time. No other factor as sex, side involved (left, right or both), or family history seems to play a role.

[Remarks concerning diagnostic principles and early treatment of congenital hip dislocation]. / Uwagi w sprawie zasad rozpoznawania i wczesnego leczenia wrodzonego zwichniecia stawu biodrowego.

Principles of early diagnosis and treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip are presented. The clinical course, complications and results of treatment by Frejka pillow are reported. Indications for surgical treatment in cases of failure by conservative management, as well as in cases of deficient rebuilding of the hip are discussed.

[Principles of forming a diagnosis in orthopedics and orthopedic-trauma]. / Zasady tworzenia rozpoznan ortopedycznych i urazowo-ortopedycznych.

The rules of writing accurate and profound-diagnoses in orthopedics and traumatology were presented. The most common mistakes were pointed out. An attention was paid to the eponyms. Latin language and correct vocabulary.