ABSTRACT
A series of novel 5-arylidene-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-ones were investigated as inhibitors of the lymphocyte-expressed pore-forming protein perforin. Structure-activity relationships were explored through variation of an isoindolinone or 3,4-dihydroisoquinolinone subunit on a fixed 2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one/thiophene core. The ability of the resulting compounds to inhibit the lytic activity of both isolated perforin protein and perforin delivered in situ by natural killer cells was determined. A number of compounds showed excellent activity at concentrations that were nontoxic to the killer cells, and several were a significant improvement on previous classes of inhibitors, being substantially more potent and soluble. Representative examples showed rapid and reversible binding to immobilized mouse perforin at low concentrations (≤2.5 µM) by surface plasmon resonance and prevented formation of perforin pores in target cells despite effective target cell engagement, as determined by calcium influx studies. Mouse PK studies of two analogues showed T1/2 values of 1.1-1.2 h (dose of 5 mg/kg i.v.) and MTDs of 60-80 mg/kg (i.p.).
Subject(s)
Imidazolidines/chemical synthesis , Perforin/antagonists & inhibitors , Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Humans , Imidazolidines/pharmacokinetics , Imidazolidines/pharmacology , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Jurkat Cells , Lactams/chemical synthesis , Lactams/pharmacokinetics , Lactams/pharmacology , Mice , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Dihydrofuro[3,4-c]pyridinones are the first class of small molecules reported to inhibit the cytolytic effects of the lymphocyte toxin perforin. A lead structure was identified from a high throughput screen, and a series of analogues were designed and prepared to explore structure-activity relationships around the core bicyclic thioxofuropyridinone and pendant furan ring. This resulted in the identification of a submicromolar inhibitor of the perforin-induced lysis of Jurkat T-lymphoma cells.
Subject(s)
Erythrocytes/drug effects , Furans/pharmacology , Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects , Perforin/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyridones/pharmacology , Thiones/pharmacology , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Design , Erythrocytes/metabolism , Furans/chemical synthesis , Furans/chemistry , Humans , Jurkat Cells , Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism , Molecular Structure , Perforin/metabolism , Pyridones/chemical synthesis , Pyridones/chemistry , Sheep , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thiones/chemical synthesis , Thiones/chemistryABSTRACT
The title compound, C(10)H(13)NO(3), was obtained as a by-product of the aldolization reaction of furo[3,4-c]pyridin-3(1H)-one with thio-phene-2-carboxaldehyde. The substituents on the pyridine ring are nearly coplanar, with an 8.1â (2)° rotation of the hydroxmethyl group from this plane. The mol-ecules assemble in the crystal structure as chains via O-Hâ¯N hydrogen bonding between the pyridine N atom and a neighbouring hydroxy-methyl OH group.
ABSTRACT
A collection of 2150 druggable active sites from the Protein Data Bank was screened by high-throughput docking to identify putative targets for five representative molecules of a combinatorial library sharing a 1,3,5-triazepan-2,6-dione scaffold. Five targets were prioritized for experimental evaluation by computing enrichment in individual protein entries among the top 2% scoring targets. Out of the five proposed proteins, secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) was shown to be a true target for a panel of 1,3,5-triazepan-2,6-diones which exhibited micromolar affinities toward two human sPLA2 members.
Subject(s)
Azepines/chemistry , Databases, Factual , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Phospholipases A/antagonists & inhibitors , Azepines/chemical synthesis , Azepines/pharmacology , Binding Sites , Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques , Databases, Protein , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Escherichia coli/enzymology , Humans , Models, Molecular , Phospholipases A/chemistry , Phospholipases A2 , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Enantiopure dipeptide-derived 1,3,5-triazepan-2,6-diones and form H-bonded 3(1) helical molecular tapes with P chirality in the solid state; in the case of , these columnar tapes self-assemble through aromatic-aromatic interactions to give hollow tubular structures.
Subject(s)
Azepines , Dipeptides/chemistry , Azepines/chemical synthesis , Azepines/chemistry , Crystallography, X-Ray , Hydrogen Bonding , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Porosity , Solvents/chemistry , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
The development of the 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-dione system as a novel, conformationally restricted, and readily accessible class of dipeptidomimetics is reported. The synthesis of the densely functionalized 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-dione skeleton was achieved in only four steps from a variety of simple linear dipeptide precursors. To extend the practical value of 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-diones, a general polymer-assisted solution-phase synthesis approach amenable to library production in a multiparallel format was developed. The conformational preferences of the 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-dione skeleton were investigated in detail by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The ring exhibits a characteristic folded conformation which was compared to that of related dipeptide-derived scaffolds including the more planar 2,5-diketopiperazine (DKP). Molecular and structural diversity was increased further through post-cyclization appending operations at urea nitrogens. Preliminary biological screens of a small collection of 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-diones revealed inhibitors of the underexplored malaria liver stage and suggest strong potential for this dipeptide-derived scaffold to interfere with and to modulate biological pathways.
