Pulsed field ablation in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: an ex vivo assessment of safety.

BACKGROUND: Pulse field ablation (PFA) is a novel catheter ablation technology with potential safety benefits due to its tissue selectivity. It has the potential to directly damage or interact with the functionality of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) in the form of electromagnetic interference (EMI). The aim of our study was to assess the impact of PFA on CIEDs. METHODS: PFA lesions (45 per CIED) were applied from the Farapulse system to CIEDs (< 5 cm from the lead tip and < 15 cm from the generator). All devices were checked before and after PFA application for proper sensing and pacing functionality as well as for integrity of shock circuits in ICDs using a heart simulator. Moreover, devices were then interrogated for any spontaneous reprogramming, mode switching or other EMI effects. RESULTS: In total, 44 CIEDs were tested (16 pacemaker, 21 ICDs, 7 CRT-P/D) with 1980 PFA applications. There was no change in device settings, functionality and electrical parameters, and there was no macroscopic damage to the devices. The risk of damage to the electric components or leads on a patient-based analysis is 0/44 (95% CI 0-8%) and on a PFA pulse-based analysis is 0/1980 (95% CI 0-0.2%). Clinically relevant EMI appeared with oversensing and pacing inhibition but not tachycardia detection. CONCLUSIONS: Bipolar PFA appears safe and does not result in damage to CIEDs or leads. Clinically relevant EMI does occur, but appropriate peri-procedural programming may mitigate this. In vivo studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Radiofrequency ablation-Real-time visualization of lesions and their correlation with underlying parameters.

BACKGROUND: Lesion durability and transmurality are crucial for successful radiofrequency (RF) ablation. This study provides a model of real-time RF lesion visualization and insights into the role of underlying parameters, as local impedance (LI). METHODS: A force-sensing, LI-sensing catheter was used for lesion creation in an ex vivo model involving cross-sections of porcine cardiac preparations. During 60 s of RF application, one measurement per second was performed regarding lesion size and available ablation parameters. In total, 1847 measurements from n = 36 lesions were performed. Power (20-50 W) and contact force (1-5 g, 10-15 g, 20-25 g) were systematically alternated. RESULTS: Lesion formation was most prominent in the first seconds of RF application during which nonlinear lesion growth was observed (max. 1.08 mm/s for lesion depth and 2.71 mm/s for lesion diameter). Power levels determined the extent of lesion formation in the early phase. After 20 s, lesion size growth velocity approaches 0.1 mm/s at all power levels. LI changes were also highest in the first seconds (up to - 12 Ω/s) and decreased to less than - 0.1Ω/s after prolonged application. CONCLUSION: Lesion formation in irrigated RF ablation is a nonlinear process. Final lesion size resulting from an RF application is mainly influenced by high rates of lesion growth in the first seconds of ablation. LI seems to be a good surrogate for differentiating changes in lesion formation.

First clinical data on artificial intelligence-guided catheter ablation in long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation.

INTRODUCTION: Despite advanced ablation strategies and major technological improvements, treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) remains challenging and the underlying pathophysiology is not fully understood. This study analyzed the multiple procedure outcome and safety of catheter ablation of spatiotemporal dispersions (DISPERS) detected by artificial intelligence (AI)-guided software in patients with long-standing persistent AF. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Volta VX1 software was used for 50 consecutive patients undergoing catheter ablation for persistent AF. First, high-density mapping (78% biatrial) with a multipolar mapping catheter was performed. In addition to pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), ablation of DISPERS was performed aiming at homogenizing, dissecting, isolating, or connecting DISPERS areas to nonconducting anatomical structures. Follow-up contained regular visits at our outpatient clinic at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months including 7-day Holter electrocardiograms. Patients were mainly suffering from long-standing persistent AF (mean AF duration 50.30 ± 54.28 months). Following PVI, ablation of left atrial and right atrial DISPERS areas led to AF cycle length prolongation (mean of 162.0 ± 16.6 to 202.2 ± 21.6 ms after) and AF termination to atrial tachycardia (AT) or sinus rhythm (SR) in 12 patients (24%). No stroke or pericardial effusion occurred; major groin complications (pseudoaneurysm n = 1, atrioventricular fistula n = 1) were detected in two patients. After a blanking period of 6 weeks, recurrence of any atrial arrhythmia was documented in 26 patients (52%). The majority of patients presented with organized AT (n = 15) while AF was present in n = 9 patients and AT/AF was observed in n = 2 patients. Twenty-two patients underwent reablation. During a mean follow-up of 363.14 ± 187.42 days and after an average of 1.46 ± 0.68 procedures, 82% of patients remained in stable SR. CONCLUSION: DISPERS-guided ablation using machine learning software (the Volta VX1 software) in addition to PVI in long-standing persistent AF ablation resulted in high long-term success rates regarding AF and AT elimination. Most arrhythmia recurrences were reentrant AT. After a total of 1.46 ± 0.68 procedures, freedom from AF/AT was 82%. Despite prolonged procedure times complication rates were low. Randomized studies are necessary to evaluate long-term efficacy of dispersion-guided ablation using AI.

Renal function and periprocedural complications in patients undergoing left atrial catheter ablation: A comparison between uninterrupted direct oral anticoagulants and phenprocoumon administration.

BACKGROUND: Data regarding uninterrupted oral anticoagulation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) during catheter ablation for left atrial arrhythmias is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of periprocedural uninterrupted direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) compared with uninterrupted phenprocoumon in patients with CKD undergoing left atrial catheter ablation. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a retrospective single-center study of patients who underwent left atrial catheter ablation between 2016 and 2019 with underlying chronic kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate (GFR) between 15 and 45 ml/min). The primary objective of this study was to investigate whether direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) therapy or warfarin presents a superior safety profile in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing left atrial catheter ablation. We compared periprocedural complications (arteriovenous fistula, aneurysm, significant hematoma (> 5 cm)) and/or bleeding (drop in hemoglobin of >2 g/dl, pericardial effusion, retroperitoneal bleeding, other bleeding, stroke) between patients receiving either uninterrupted DOAC or warfarin therapy. Secondary analysis included patient baseline characteristics as well as procedural data. A total of 188 patients (female n = 108 (57%), mean age 75.3 ± 8.1 years, mean GFR 36.8 ± 6 ml/min) were included in this study. Underlying arrhythmias were atrial fibrillation (n = 104, 55.3%) and atypical atrial flutter (n = 84, 44.7%). Of these, n = 132 patients (70%) were under a DOAC medication, and n = 56 (30%) were under phenprocoumon. Major groin complications including pseudoaneurysm and/or AV fistula occurred in 8.9% of patients in the phenprocoumon group vs. 11.3% of patients in the DOAC group, which was not statistically significant (p = 0.62). Incidence of cardiac tamponade (2.3% vs. 0%; p = 0.55) and stroke (0% vs. 0%) were low in both DOAC and phenprocoumon groups with similar post-procedural drops in hemoglobin levels (1.1±1 g/dl vs 1.1±0.9 g/dl; p = 0.71). CONCLUSION: The type of anticoagulation had no significant influence on bleeding or thromboembolic events as well as groin complications in this retrospective study. Despite observing an increased rate of groin complications, the uninterrupted use of DOAC or phenprocoumon during left atrial catheter ablation in patients with CKD appears to be feasible and effective.

Myocardial injury and inflammation following pulsed-field ablation and very high-power short-duration ablation for atrial fibrillation.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an established treatment strategy for atrial fibrillation (AF). To improve PVI efficacy and safety, high-power short-duration (HPSD) ablation and pulsed-field ablation (PFA) were recently introduced into clinical practice. This study aimed to determine the extent of myocardial injury and systemic inflammation following PFA, HPSD, and standard RFA using established biomarkers. METHODS: We included 179 patients with paroxysmal AF receiving first-time PVI with different ablation technologies: standard RFA (30-40 W/20-30 s, n = 52), power-controlled HPSD (70 W/5-7 s, n = 60), temperature-controlled HPSD (90 W/4 s, n = 32), and PFA (biphasic, bipolar waveform, n = 35). High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT), creatine kinase (CK), CK MB isoform (CK-MB), and white blood cell (WBC) count were determined before and after ablation. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were well-balanced between groups (age 63.1 ± 10.3 years, 61.5% male). Postablation hs-cTnT release was significantly higher with PFA (1469.3 ± 495.0 ng/L), HPSD-70W (1322.3 ± 510.6 ng/L), and HPSD-90W (1441.2 ± 409.9 ng/L) than with standard RFA (1045.9 ± 369.7 ng/L; p < .001). CK and CK-MB release was increased with PFA by 3.4-fold and 5.8-fold, respectively, as compared to standard RFA (p < .001). PFA was associated with the lowest elevation in WBC (Δ1.5 ± 1.5 × 109 /L), as compared to standard RFA (Δ3.8 ± 2.5 × 109 /L, p < .001), HPSD-70W (Δ2.7 ± 1.7 × 109 /L, p = .037), and HPSD-90W (Δ3.6 ± 2.5 × 109 /L, p < .001). CONCLUSION: Among the four investigated ablation technologies, PFA was associated with the highest myocardial injury and the lowest inflammatory reaction.

Long-Term Follow-Up of Empirical Slow Pathway Ablation in Pediatric and Adult Patients with Suspected AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess long-term efficacy and safety of empirical slow pathway (ESP) ablation in pediatric and adult patients with a special interest in patients without dual AV nodal physiology (DAVNP). METHODS: A retrospective single-center review of patients who underwent ESP ablation between December 2014 and September 2022 was performed. Follow-up included telephone communication, letter questionnaire and outpatient presentation. Recurrence was based on typical symptoms. RESULTS: 115 patients aged 6-81 years (median age 36.3 years, 59.1% female; 26 pts < 18 years) were included. A typical history was present in all patients (100%), an ECG documentation of narrow complex tachycardia in 97 patients (84%). Patients were divided into three groups: Group 1 without DAVNP (n = 23), Group 2 with AH jump (n = 30) and Group 3 with AH jump and at least one AV nodal echo beat (n = 62). No permanent AV block was observed. During a median follow-up of 23.6 ± 22.7 months, symptom recurrence occurred in 7/115 patients (6.1%) with no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.73, log-rank test). Symptom recurrence occurred significantly more often in patients without (5/18 patients; 27%) as compared to patients with ECG documentation (2/97 patients; 2.1%; p = 0.025). No correlation between age and success rate was found (p > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: ESP ablation is effective and safe in patients with non-inducible AVNRT. Overall, recurrence of symptoms during long-term follow-up is low, even if no DAVNP is present. Tachycardia documentation before the EP study leads to a significantly lower recurrence rate following ESP ablation.

The influence of electrode-tissue-coverage on RF lesion formation and local impedance: Insights from an ex vivo model.

BACKGROUND: The influence of power, duration and contact force (CF) on radiofrequency (RF) lesion formation is well known, whereas data on local impedance (LI) and electrode-tissue-coverage (ETC) is scarce. The objective was to investigate their effect on lesion formation in an ex vivo model. METHODS AND RESULTS: An ex vivo model was developed utilizing cross-sections of porcine heart preparations and a force-sensing, LI-measuring catheter. N = 72 lesion were created systematically varying ETC (minor/full), CF (1-5 g, 10-15 g, 20-25 g) and power (20 W, 30 W, 40 W, 50 W). In minor ETC, the distal tip of the catheter was in electric contact with the tissue, in full ETC the whole catheter tip was embedded within the tissue. Lesion size and all parameters were measured once per second (n = 3320). LI correlated strongly with lesion depth (r = -0.742 for ΔLI; r = 0.781 for %LI-drop). Lesions in full ETC were significantly wider and deeper compared to minor ETC (p < .001) and steam pops were more likely. Baseline LI, ΔLI, and %LI-drop were significantly higher in full ETC (p < .001). In lesions resulting in steam pops, baseline LI, and ΔLI were significantly higher. The influence of CF on lesion size was higher in minor ETC than in full ETC. CONCLUSIONS: ETC is a main determinant of lesion size and occurrence of steam pops. Baseline LI and LI-drop are useful surrogate parameters for real-time assessment of ETC and ΔLI correlates strongly with lesion size.

Cardiologist-Directed Sedation Management in Patients Undergoing Transvenous Lead Extraction: A Single-Centre Retrospective Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The demand for transvenous lead extraction (TLE) has increased. In line with this, the safety of such procedures has also increased. Traditionally, TLE is performed under resource-intensive general anaesthesia. This study aims to evaluate the safety and outcomes of Cardiologist-lead deep sedation for TLE. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 328 TLE procedures performed under deep sedation from 2016 to 2019. TLE procedures were performed by experienced electrophysiologists. Sedation was administered by a specifically trained cardiologist (bolus midazolam/fentanyl and propofol infusion). Procedural sedation data including blood pressure, medication administration and sedation time were collected. Complications related to sedation and the operative component of the procedure were analysed retrospectively. RESULTS: The sedation-associated complication rate during TLE was 22.0%. The most common complication (75% of complications) was hypotension requiring noradrenaline, followed by bradycardia requiring atropine (13% of complications). Additionally, the unplanned presence of an anaesthesiologist was needed in one case (0.3%). Deep sedation was achieved with midazolam (mean dose 42.9 ± 26.5 µg/kg), fentanyl (mean dose 0.4 ± 0.6 µg/kg) and propofol (mean dose 3.5 ± 1.2 mg/kg/h). There was no difference in medication dosage between those with a sedation-associated complication and those without. Sedation-associated complications appeared significantly more in patients with reduced LVEF (p = 0.01), renal impairment (p = 0.01) and a higher American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) class (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Deep sedation for TLE can be safely performed by a specifically trained cardiologist, with a transition to general anaesthesia required in only 0.3% of cases. We continue to recommend the on-call availability of an anaesthesiologist and cardiac surgeon in case of major complications.

High-power chargers for electric vehicles: are they safe for patients with pacemakers and defibrillators?

AIMS: Battery electric vehicle (BEV) sales and use are rapidly expanding. Battery electric vehicles, along with their charging stations, are a potential source of electromagnetic interference (EMI) for patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). The new 'high-power' charging stations have the potential to create strong electromagnetic fields and induce EMI in CIEDs, and their safety has not been evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 130 CIED patients performed 561 charges of four BEVs and a test vehicle (350 kW charge capacity) using high-power charging stations under continuous 6-lead electrocardiogram monitoring. The charging cable was placed directly over the CIED, and devices were programmed to maximize the chance of EMI detection. Cardiac implantable electronic devices were re-interrogated after patients charged all BEVs and the test vehicle for evidence of EMI. There were no incidences of EMI, specifically no over-sensing, pacing inhibition, inappropriate tachycardia detection, mode switching, or spontaneous reprogramming. The risk of EMI on a patient-based analysis is 0/130 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0%-2%], and the risk of EMI on a charge-based analysis is 0/561 (95% CI 0%-0.6%). The effective magnetic field along the charging cable was 38.65 µT and at the charging station was 77.9 µT. CONCLUSIONS: The use of electric cars with high-power chargers by patients with cardiac devices appears to be safe with no evidence of clinically relevant EMI. Reasonable caution, by minimizing the time spent in close proximity with the charging cables, is still advised as the occurrence of very rare events cannot be excluded from our results.

["Asymptomatic WPW" : Is treatment necessary?] / "Asymptomatisches WPW" : Bedarf es einer Therapie?

The term "asymptomatic WPW" (Wolff-Parkinson-White) is often used as a synonym for ventricular pre-excitation of the WPW type due to an accessory pathway characterized by a short PR interval and a delta wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) without the clinical occurrence of paroxysmal tachycardia. Asymptomatic WPW is often diagnosed in young and otherwise healthy people. There is a small associated risk of sudden cardiac death due to rapid antegrade conduction over the accessory pathway during atrial fibrillation. This paper highlights aspects of noninvasive and invasive risk stratification, therapy by catheter ablation, and the ongoing risk-benefit discussion in asymptomatic WPW.

Safety profile and long-term efficacy of very high-power short-duration (60-70 W) catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: results of a large comparative analysis.

AIMS: This retrospective study sought to compare complication rates and efficacy of power-controlled very high-power short-duration (vHPSD) and conventional catheter ablation in a large cohort of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed 1115 consecutive patients with AF (38.7% paroxysmal, 61.3% persistent) who received first-time catheter ablation at our centre from 2015 to 2021. Circumferential pulmonary vein isolation ± additional substrate ablation using an irrigated-tip catheter was performed with vHPSD (70 W/5-7 s or 60 W/7-10 s) in 574 patients and with conventional power (30-35 W/15-30 s) in 541 patients. Baseline characteristics were well-balanced between groups (mean age 65.1 ± 11.2 years, 63.4% male). The 30-day incidence of cardiac tamponade [2/574 (0.35%) vs. 1/541 (0.18%), P = 0.598], pericardial effusion ≥ 10 mm [2/574 (0.35%) vs. 1/541 (0.18%), P = 0.598] and transient ischaemic attack [1/574 (0.17%) vs. 2/541 (0.37%), P = 0.529] was not significantly different between vHPSD and conventional ablation. No stroke, atrio-esophageal fistula, cardiac arrest or death occurred. Procedure (122.2 ± 46.8 min vs. 155.0 ± 50.5 min, P < 0.001), radiofrequency (22.4 ± 19.3 min vs. 52.9 ± 22.0 min, P < 0.001), and fluoroscopy (8.1 ± 7.2 vs. 9.2 ± 7.4, P = 0.016) duration were significantly shorter in the vHPSD group. At 12 months follow-up, freedom of any atrial arrhythmia was 44.1% vs. 34.2% (P = 0.010) in persistent AF and 78.1% vs. 70.2% in paroxysmal AF (P = 0.068). CONCLUSION: vHPSD ablation is as safe as conventional ablation and is associated with an improved long-term efficacy in persistent AF.

Ultrasound-Guided Access Reduces Vascular Complications in Patients Undergoing Catheter Ablation for Cardiac Arrhythmias.

Background: Femoral vascular access using the standard anatomic landmark-guided method is often limited by peripheral artery disease and obesity. We investigated the effect of ultrasound-guided vascular puncture (UGVP) on the rate of vascular complications in patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial or ventricular arrhythmias. Methods: The data of 479 patients (59% male, mean age 68 years ± 11 years) undergoing catheter ablation for left atrial (n = 426; 89%), right atrial (n = 28; 6%) or ventricular arrhythmias (n = 28; 6%) were analyzed. All patients were on uninterrupted oral anticoagulants and heparin was administered intravenously during the procedure. Femoral access complications were compared between patients undergoing UGVP (n = 320; 67%) and patients undergoing a conventional approach (n = 159; 33%). Complication rates were also compared between patients with a BMI of >30 kg/m2 (n = 136) and patients with a BMI < 30 kg/m2 (n = 343). Results: Total vascular access complications including mild hematomas were n = 37 (7.7%). In the conventional group n = 17 (10.7%) and in the ultrasound (US) group n = 20 (6.3%) total vascular access complications occurred (OR 0.557, 95% CI 0.283−1.096). UGVP significantly reduced the risk of hematoma > 5 cm (OR 0.382, 95% CI 0.148, 0.988) or pseudoaneurysm (OR 0.160, 95% CI 0.032, 0.804). There was no significant difference between the groups regarding retroperitoneal hematomas or AV fistulas (p > 0.05). In patients with BMI > 30 kg/m2, UGVP led to a highly relevant reduction in the risk of total vascular access complications (OR 0.138, 95% CI 0.027, 0.659), hematomas > 5 cm (OR 0.051, 95% CI 0.000, 0.466) and pseudoaneurysms (OR 0.051, 95% CI 0.000, 0.466). Conclusion: UGVP significantly reduces vascular access complications. Patients with a BMI > 30 kg/m2 seem to particularly profit from a UGVP approach.

Feasibility and safety of left atrial access for ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with persistent left superior vena cava.

BACKGROUND: In patients with persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) ablation procedures can be challenging. We sought to determine the feasibility and safety of left atrial ablations in patients with PLSVC, especially when PLSVC is unknown prior to the ablation procedure. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this retrospective analysis 15 adult patients (mean age 64.6 ± 14.5 years, 53.3% male) with PLSVC undergoing 27 ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation or left atrial flutter were included. In 5 (33.3%) patients PLSVC was only discovered during the procedure. Transseptal puncture (TSP) was declared "difficult" by the ablating physician in 13 of 27 (48.2%) procedures and was not successfully completed in the first attempt in two patients with known PLSVC. Once TSP was successfully completed, all relevant structures were reached both during mapping and ablation in all procedures independent of whether PLSVC was known prior to the procedure. One major complication (3.7%) occurred in 27 procedures in a patient with known PLSVC. In the patients with unknown PLSVC no complication occurred. CONCLUSION: In experienced hands, left atrial access and ablation in patients with PLSVC is feasible and safe, particularly with regard to patients in whom the PLSVC is unknown prior to the ablation procedure.

Catheter ablation in adult congenital heart disease on uninterrupted oral anticoagulation: Is it safe? Data from a large single-center study.

BACKGROUND: Catheter ablation in adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients is a critical treatment strategy for complex arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial tachycardia (AT). In addition to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are increasingly used in this patient population. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the safety of catheter ablation in ACHD patients on uninterrupted oral anticoagulation with VKA or DOAC, examining thromboembolic, bleeding, and vascular access complications. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 234 ACHD patients with simple (n = 83), moderate (n = 66), or complex (n = 85) CHD (mean age 46 years) undergoing 368 ablation procedures on uninterrupted oral anticoagulation with VKA (45.4%) or DOAC (54.6%) was undertaken. Arrhythmias were AF in 97, right AT in 181, left AT in 65, or a combination of AF and AT in 25. RESULTS: No thromboembolic complications occurred. Major complications occurred in 4 patients (1.1%; 1 VKA, 3 DOAC), including retroperitoneal hematoma in 2 and arteriovenous (AV) fistula requiring surgical treatment in 2. Minor bleeding or vascular access complications occurred in 46 cases (12.5%), including hematomas >5 cm in 26, AV fistulas (not requiring surgical intervention) in 13, and pseudoaneurysms in 7 (thrombin injection in 3/7). Overall, no significant difference was found between DOAC (14.9%) and VKA groups (12.0%; P = .411). CONCLUSION: Catheter ablation in ACHD patients on uninterrupted oral anticoagulation with VKA or DOAC is feasible and safe. No thromboembolic events occurred, and major bleeding or vascular access complications were rare. No significant differences regarding minor bleeding or vascular access complications between patients on DOAC or VKA were found.

Early arrhythmia recurrence after catheter ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation: is it predictive for late recurrence?

BACKGROUND: Early recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia (ERAT) is common after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) for atrial fibrillation (AF), but its clinical significance in patients with persistent AF remains unclear. We sought to determine the predictive value of ERAT for rhythm outcome after RFCA for persistent AF. METHODS: The study included 207 consecutive patients (mean age 66.4 ± 10.7 years, male 66.2%) with persistent and long-standing persistent AF undergoing de novo pulmonary vein isolation (± atrial substrate ablation). All patients remained off antiarrhythmic drugs. ERAT was defined as any atrial arrhythmia ≥ 30 s occurring within the first 30 days. Late recurrence (LR) was determined during follow-up visits scheduled 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post-ablation using 7-day Holter ECGs. RESULTS: ERAT occurred in 143/207 (69.1%) patients as AF (60%) or atrial tachycardia (40%) and was persistent in 82% of cases. During a median follow-up of 22.2 months, LR occurred significantly more often in patients with ERAT than in patients without ERAT (92.3 vs. 43.8%, P < 0.001). The only independent predictors for LR were ERAT (OR 16.8, 95% CI 6.184-45.797, P < 0.001) and intraprocedural termination to sinus rhythm (OR 0.052, 95% CI 0.003-0.851, P = 0.038). Extending the blanking period from 30 to 90 days did not impact LR rates. CONCLUSION: ERAT following ablation of persistent AF is strongly associated with late arrhythmia recurrence, which challenges the assumption that ERAT represents merely a transient phenomenon. While limiting the blanking period to 30 days seems justified, the benefit of early re-ablations remains to be addressed in future studies.

RF electrode-tissue coverage significantly influences steam pop incidence and lesion size.

BACKGROUND: Steam pops are a rare complication associated with radiofrequency (RF) ablation and are hard to predict. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of coverage between the RF ablation electrode and cardiac tissue on steam pop incidence and lesion size. METHODS AND RESULTS: An ex vivo model using porcine cardiac preparations and contact force sensing catheters was designed to perform RF ablations at different coverage levels between the RF electrode and cardiac tissue. During coverage level I, only the distal part of the ablation electrode was in contact with tissue. During coverage level II half of the ablation electrode, and during coverage level III the entire ablation electrode was embedded in tissue. RF applications (n = 60) at different coverage levels I-III were systematically performed using the same standardized ablation protocol. Ablations during coverage level III resulted in a significantly higher rate of steam pops (100%) when compared to ablations during coverage level II (10%) and coverage level I (0%), log rank p < .001. Coverage level I ablations resulted in significantly smaller lesion depths, diameters, and impedance drops when compared to higher coverage level ablations, p < .001. In the controlled ex vivo model, there was no difference in applied contact force or energy between different coverage levels. CONCLUSIONS: The level of coverage between RF electrode, cardiac tissue, and the surrounding fluid significantly influenced the incidence of steam pops in an ex vivo setup. Larger coverage between RF electrode and tissue resulted in significantly larger lesion dimensions.

Early recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation is associated with inferior long-term outcomes: Insights from a retrospective cohort study.

AIMS: The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to assess the influence of early recurrence (ER) after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) on long-term outcomes and to identify clinical variables associated with ER. METHODS: We retrospectively collected clinical and procedural data from 1285 patients with paroxysmal AF who underwent PVI from 2011 to 2016. Kaplan-Meier, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed to analyze the influence of ER on long-term outcomes. RESULTS: ER was observed in 13% of patients. Kaplan-Meier analyses showed significantly different outcomes in 1285 patients with and without ER (49% vs 74%, log rank P < .01) and in 286 patients in the subgroup that underwent reablation (44% vs 79%, log rank P < .01). The hazard ratio (HR) of ER was 1.7 within 48 hours (5% of patients), 2.7 within 1 month (5%), 3.0 within 2 months (2%), and 6.4 within 3 months (1%) for late recurrence (LR), P < .01. ROC analysis (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.79) resulted in 70.3% sensitivity and 74.2% specificity for a 14-day blanking period, and 53.1% sensitivity and 85.5% specificity for a 30-day blanking period. Female patients (odds ratio [OR] 1.69, P < .01) and those with diabetes (OR 1.95, P = .01) were at higher risk for ER. CONCLUSIONS: ER is observed in a substantial number of patients with paroxysmal AF after PVI and has a continuous direct effect on LR according to the timing of ER. Randomized trials are required to assess the safety and effects of reablations in a shortened blanking period on long-term outcomes.

Exclusion of left atrial thrombus by dual-source cardiac computed tomography prior to catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation.

OBJECTIVES: Thromboembolic complications during atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation due to mobilisation of a pre-existing thrombus formation (TF) in the left atrium (LA) are devastating. The gold standard to exclude LA TF is transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). The present study compares sensitivity and specificity of a dual-source cardiac-computed tomography (DS-CT) with TEE for TF exclusion prior to AF ablation. In addition, CT protocols with and without ECG synchronized were evaluated. METHODS: In 622 patients, DS-CT as well as TEE to exclude TF was performed less than 48 h prior to AF ablation. Mean age of patients was 60 ± 10 years (69% males, 61% paroxysmal AF). During DS-CT, 280 patients (45%) were in AF. An ECG-synchronized DS-CT was performed in 332 patients, whereas 290 patients underwent DS-CT without ECG synchronization. RESULTS: In all patients without suspected TF on DS-CT (n = 552; 88.7%), no thrombus was found on TEE. A TF was suspected on DS-CT in 70 patients, of whom only three patients showed TF on TEE. No TF was detected in the other 67 patients (Fig. 1). Overall, sensitivity for TF detection in DS-CT was 100% and specificity was 89.2% (positive predictive value 4.3%, negative predictive value 100%). The CT protocol (ECG-synchronized versus non-ECG-synchronized) had no significant influence on diagnostic accuracy. Mean dose length product during DS CT was 282 ± 287 mGy cm (synchronized) versus 136 ± 55 mGy cm (non-synchronized) with p < 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS: DS-CT is a highly sensitive method for LA thrombus detection in patients undergoing AF ablation. It delivers additional anatomic details of pulmonary veins and LA anatomy with an acceptable radiation exposure. Non-ECG-synchronized DS-CT showed a significantly lower radiation exposure, whereas diagnostic accuracy was comparable. Therefore, DS-CT might serve as primary method to exclude LA TF in patients undergoing AF ablation.

Safety of Uninterrupted Periprocedural Edoxaban Versus Phenprocoumon for Patients Who Underwent Left Atrial Catheter Ablation Procedures.

Data about the safety of edoxaban in patients who underwent left atrial (LA) radiofrequency (RF) ablation procedures are lacking. This study sought to compare the safety of uninterrupted edoxaban with uninterrupted phenprocoumon administration during LA RF ablation for atrial fibrillation and atrial tachycardia. In total, 231 patients (mean age 64 ± 11years, male 71%) who underwent LA RF ablation under continuous oral anticoagulation (OAC) with edoxaban or phenprocoumon were included in the study. Patients on uninterrupted edoxaban (60 mg or 30 mg/day for at least 4 weeks) were matched for gender, age and type of arrhythmia with 2 patients on uninterrupted phenprocoumon (international normalized ratio 2 to 3). We identified 77 consecutive patients on edoxaban and n = 154 patients on phenprocoumon. Heparin was administered periprocedurally to achieve an activated clotting time of 280 to 300 seconds. No protamine was administered periprocedurally. The primary end point was a composite of bleeding, thromboembolic events, and death. The primary end point was met in 9 patients in the edoxaban group and in 22 patients in the phenprocoumon group (p = 0.69). No patient in either group died or had a thromboembolic complication. No major bleeding complication was observed in the edoxaban group, whereas one was found in 1 patient in the phenprocoumon group (p ≥0.99). Minor bleeding complications occurred in 9 patients (12%) in the edoxaban group and in 21 patients (14%) in the phenprocoumon group (p = 0.84). Uninterrupted OAC with edoxaban appeared to be as safe as uninterrupted OAC with phenprocoumon in patients who underwent LA RF ablation procedures.

EP radiofrequency generators: Significant offsets between selected and delivered power?

INTRODUCTION: For radiofrequency (RF) ablation, the EP Shuttle® (Stockert GmbH, Freiburg, Germany), Ampere® (St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN, USA), and SmartAblate® (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, USA) generator models are most frequently used in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between selected and delivered RF power for different generators. METHODS AND RESULTS: In an experimental setup, ablation catheters were connected to the EP Shuttle® , Ampere® , and SmartAblate® generators. The power delivered by the generators was measured using a current converter and an oscilloscope. The selected power displayed on the generator was compared to the actually delivered power measured by the experimental setup (n = 800 measurements). The offsets between selected and delivered power increased significantly with impedance (EP Shuttle® ). For example, at a selected power of 30 W, the delivered power was 40.3 W (EP Shuttle® ), 30.1 W (Ampere® ), and 28.1 W (SmartAblate® ) at an impedance of 200 Ω. In addition, ablation lesions (n = 80) were created in ex vivo porcine cardiac muscle preparations. The resulting ablation lesion size was calculated in caliper measurements. When the EP Shuttle® generator was operated at 200 Ω, the resulting lesion size was significantly larger than at 100 Ω. There were no significant offsets between power delivery and lesion size when using the Ampere® or SmartAblate® generators. CONCLUSIONS: The Ampere® and SmartAblate® generator models deliver accurate power as selected by the user. The power delivered by the EP Shuttle® generator exceeds the selected power by up to 40% depending on impedance. The findings were confirmed in ex vivo porcine heart experiments and should be considered in clinical practice.