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1.
Chemistry ; 28(54): e202202725, 2022 Sep 27.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36106367

ABSTRACT

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Till Opatz at the University of Mainz. The image depicts the electrochemical coupling of amines and carboxylic acids to form amides. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202201768.

2.
Chemistry ; 28(54): e202201768, 2022 Sep 27.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35835720

ABSTRACT

The ubiquity of amide bonds, present in natural products and common pharmaceuticals renders this functional group one of the most prevalent in organic chemistry. Despite its importance and a wide variety of existing methods for its formation, the latter still can be a challenge for classical activating reagents such as chloridating agents or carbodiimides. As the spent reagents often cannot be recycled, the development of more sustainable methods is highly desirable. Herein, we report an operationally simple and mild indirect electrochemical protocol to effect the condensation of carboxylic acids with amines, forming a wide variety of carboxamides.


Subject(s)
Amides , Biological Products , Amides/chemistry , Amines/chemistry , Carbodiimides/chemistry , Carboxylic Acids/chemistry , Indicators and Reagents , Iodides , Pharmaceutical Preparations
3.
Nephrol Dial Transplant ; 33(9): 1533-1544, 2018 09 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29340699

ABSTRACT

Background: Although diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common cause for end-stage renal disease in western societies, its pathogenesis still remains largely unclear. A different gene pattern of diabetic and healthy kidney cells is one of the probable explanations. Numerous signalling pathways have emerged as important pathophysiological mechanisms for diabetes-induced renal injury. Methods: Glomerular cells, as podocytes or mesangial cells, are predominantly involved in the development of diabetic renal lesions. While many gene assays concerning DN are performed with whole kidney or renal cortex tissue, we isolated glomeruli from black and tan, brachyuric (BTBR) obese/obese (ob/ob) and wildtype mice at four different timepoints (4, 8, 16 and 24 weeks) and performed an mRNA microarray to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In contrast to many other diabetic mouse models, these homozygous ob/ob leptin-deficient mice develop not only a severe type 2 diabetes, but also diabetic kidney injury with all the clinical and especially histologic features defining human DN. By functional enrichment analysis we were able to investigate biological processes and pathways enriched by the DEGs at different disease stages. Altered expression of nine randomly selected genes was confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction from glomerular RNA. Results: Ob/ob type 2 diabetic mice showed up- and downregulation of genes primarily involved in metabolic processes and pathways, including glucose, lipid, fatty acid, retinol and amino acid metabolism. Members of the CYP4A and ApoB family were found among the top abundant genes. But more interestingly, altered gene loci showed enrichment for processes and pathways linked to angioneogenesis, complement cascades, semaphorin pathways, oxidation and reduction processes and renin secretion. Conclusion: The gene profile of BTBR ob/ob type 2 diabetic mice we conducted in this study can help to identify new key players in molecular pathogenesis of diabetic kidney injury.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Diabetic Nephropathies/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation , Kidney Glomerulus/metabolism , RNA/genetics , Animals , Diabetic Nephropathies/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Kidney Glomerulus/pathology , Mice , Mice, Inbred Strains , Mice, Obese , Podocytes/metabolism , Polymerase Chain Reaction
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