ABSTRACT
The present study examined the comparative efficacy of intervening at the caregiver/care-recipient dyadic level, versus the individual caregiver level, for caregivers and their care-recipients with HIV/AIDS. Participants were randomly assigned to a Dyad Intervention (DI), a Caregiver Intervention (CI) or Wait List Control group (WLC), and assessed by interview and self-administered scales immediately before treatment and eight weeks later. Participants in the intervention groups also completed a four-month follow-up assessment. Dependent variables included global distress, social adjustment, dyadic adjustment, subjective health status, HIV/AIDS knowledge and target problem ratings. Results showed that caregivers in the DI group showed greater improvement from pre- to post-treatment on global distress, dyadic adjustment and target problems than the CI and WLC caregivers. The CI and DI caregivers showed greater improvement than the WLC group on all dependent variables except social adjustment. Care-recipients in the DI group improved significantly from pre- to post-treatment on dyadic adjustment, social adjustment, knowledge, subjective health status and Target Problem 1, whereas the CI and WLC care-recipients failed to improve on any of these measures. The treatment gains made by the DI caregivers and care-recipients on most dependent variables were maintained at a four-month follow-up. Findings support a reciprocal determinism approach to the process of dyadic adjustment and suggest that intervening at the caregiver/care-recipient level may produce better outcomes for both the caregiver and care-recipient than intervening at the individual caregiver level.
Subject(s)
Caregivers/psychology , HIV Infections/psychology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/psychology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/therapy , Adaptation, Psychological , Adult , Analysis of Variance , Female , Follow-Up Studies , HIV Infections/therapy , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Status , Humans , Male , Patient Satisfaction , Social Adjustment , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Intragastric administration of approximately 300 mg/kg/day of aspartame (APM) to female rats for seven days and to female hamsters for five days after mating did not affect postcoital fertility as measured by the number of implantation sites and normal appearing fetuses. In additional studies, the effect of APM fed at 1 to 14% in the diet to lactating rats and their litters of suckling young was studied using a pair-feeding experimental design. Levels of APM up to 4% in the diet (about 7 g/kg/day) did not affect food consumption, body weights, serum prolactin, serum gonadotropins, the mammary gland histology of the dams or the growth and survival rates of their pups. However, higher levels of 7.5 and 14% APM (about 9 g/kg/day) caused reduced food consumption due to diet palatability and resulted in body weight loss in dams and retarded growth rates in the young.
Subject(s)
Aspartame/pharmacology , Dipeptides/pharmacology , Lactation/drug effects , Reproduction/drug effects , Animals , Body Weight/drug effects , Cricetinae , Diet , Eating/drug effects , Female , Fertility/drug effects , Follicle Stimulating Hormone/blood , Luteinizing Hormone/blood , Male , Pregnancy , Prolactin/blood , RatsSubject(s)
Thyroiditis/diagnosis , Acute Disease , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Iodine Radioisotopes , Male , Middle Aged , Thyroid Function TestsSubject(s)
Addison Disease/etiology , Tuberculosis/complications , Addison Disease/drug therapy , Addison Disease/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Child , Chile/epidemiology , Desoxycorticosterone/therapeutic use , Fatal Outcome , Female , Humans , Hydrocortisone/therapeutic use , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
PIP: The synthesis and biological properties of 2 11beta-methyl-19-norsteroids (17alpha-ethynyl-17beta-hydroxy-11beta-methylestr-4en-3-one and 3beta, 17beta-diacetoxy-17alpha-ethynyl-11beta-methylestr-4-ene) are described. In experimental animals both compounds exhibited potent progestational activities, antiestrogenic activities, and estrogenic responses in the estrogen-deficient state. It is suggested that the latter compound may be similar to other progestational agents in failing to alter hepatic excretory function and may possess anovulatory properties without some of the side effects associated with steroid contraceptives presently employed.^ieng
