Subject(s)
Bronchial Diseases/microbiology , Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell/diagnosis , Lymphadenitis/microbiology , Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/diagnosis , Spasms, Infantile/diagnosis , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/therapeutic use , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Diagnosis, Differential , Disease Progression , Drug Therapy, Combination , Electroencephalography , Female , Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell/therapy , Hormones/therapeutic use , Humans , Infant , Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/therapy , Prednisone/therapeutic use , Prognosis , Spasms, Infantile/therapyABSTRACT
Cellulitis is a rare manifestation of meningococcal disease. We describe the case of a previously healthy 4-month-old female infant who developed periorbital cellulitis associated with meningococcal meningitis.
Subject(s)
Cellulitis/microbiology , Meningococcal Infections/diagnosis , Cellulitis/complications , Female , Humans , Infant , Meningitis, Meningococcal/complications , Neisseria meningitidis/isolation & purification , OrbitABSTRACT
Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has positively altered the morality rates in HIV-infected children, these drugs have the potential to cause significant morbidity. These drugs cause changes in fat distribution, lipid profiles, glucose, homeostasis, and bone turnover. The direct relationship between duration of drug exposure and increased risk of cardiovascular disease is particularly concerning for HIV-infected infants and children, who likely will have longer cumulative exposure to HAART. It is unclear whether the metabolic effects of decades of exposure would be reversible with cessation of therapy. The benefits of HAART in HIV infection are indisputable, but the impetus to find a cure or design more tolerable therapy is clear. Infarction may replace infection as the major cause of morbidity and mortality from HIV.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/adverse effects , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/adverse effects , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Acidosis, Lactic/chemically induced , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Bone Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced , Child , Dyslipidemias/chemically induced , Dyslipidemias/drug therapy , HIV Infections/complications , Humans , Insulin Resistance , Lipodystrophy/chemically induced , Lipodystrophy/drug therapyABSTRACT
The study of antigen processing and presentation by human antigen presenting cells (APC) has been limited by difficulties of producing and maintaining human T-cell clones. Murine T-cell hybridomas have advantages for detecting specific peptide-MHC complexes on APC. Human antigen-specific immortalized T-cell lines have not been successfully produced. We report and validate the use of transgenic mice with human MHC genes for HLA-A2, DR1 and DR4 to produce murine T-cell hybridomas that are restricted to human HLA alleles and respond to human macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), and B-cell lines. Hybridomas restricted by human MHC-I and -II specific for influenza matrix protein, tetanus toxoid, diphtheria antigen CRM(197), and various M. tuberculosis antigens were produced. Epitope specificity was determined for several hybridomas. T hybridomas recognized peptide-MHC complexes on fixed APC for analysis of kinetics or susceptibility to inhibitors of antigen processing. T hybridomas restricted by human MHC represent convenient and powerful tools for the study of antigen processing by human APC.
Subject(s)
Antigen Presentation , HLA-A2 Antigen/physiology , Hybridomas/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Antigen-Presenting Cells/physiology , Cell Line , Epitope Mapping , Humans , Interferon-gamma/pharmacology , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Molecular Sequence DataABSTRACT
The pneumococcal (Pn) conjugate vaccine includes seven different polysaccharides (PS) conjugated to CRM(197). Utilizing antigen-processing cells and a CRM(197)-specific mouse T-cell hybridoma, we found that the serotype of conjugated PnPS dramatically affected antigen processing of CRM(197). Unconjugated CRM(197) and serotype conjugates 14 and 18C were processed more efficiently.
Subject(s)
Antigen Presentation , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Pneumococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage , Polysaccharides, Bacterial/administration & dosage , Vaccines, Conjugate/administration & dosage , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Bacterial Proteins/administration & dosage , HLA-DR1 Antigen/physiology , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Molecular Sequence Data , Serotyping , T-Lymphocytes/immunologyABSTRACT
Survival in HIV-infected children has greatly improved with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Children are more vulnerable than adults to metabolic side effects of therapy because of its potential impact on growth and the children's likely greater cumulative exposure. This review summarizes the epidemiology and management of lipodystrophy, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hyperlactatemia, osteopenia and growth failure in HIV-infected children.
