ABSTRACT
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor (OLR1) is the major protein that binds, internalizes, and degrades oxidized low-density lipoprotein. The role of OLR1 in lipid metabolism and the results of previous whole-genome scan studies prompted the investigation of OLR1 as a candidate gene affecting milk composition traits. Direct cDNA and genomic sequencing of OLR1 revealed 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in exon 4, 5 SNP in intron 4, and 1 in the 3' untranslated region (UTR). Four intragenic haplotypes comprising SNP positions 7,160, 7,161, 7,278, 7,381, 7,409, 7,438, 7,512, and 8,232 were inferred. Haplotype analysis showed that one of the haplotypes was associated with a significant increase in fat yield and fat percentage. Single SNP analysis showed that allele C of SNP 8,232 (in the 3'-UTR) had significant effects on fat yield and fat percentage, whereas SNP 7,160 and 7,161 (in exon 4) had no significant effects. Both single SNP and haplotype analyses indicate that SNP 8,232 in the 3'-UTR is associated with milk fat yield and percentage and it may be in linkage disequilibrium with the functional polymorphism. To provide support for the hypothesis that SNP 8,232 is responsible for OLR1 expression, OLR1 expression levels in individuals bearing different genotypes were assessed. It was found that OLR1 expression was reduced in genotype AA individuals compared with CC and AC individuals, suggesting that A at position 8,232 may be the nucleotide causing decreased OLR1 expression. The 3'-UTR polymorphism found in this study might control translation or stability of OLR1 mRNA.
Subject(s)
Cattle/genetics , Milk/chemistry , Receptors, Oxidized LDL/genetics , 3' Untranslated Regions , Alleles , Animals , DNA/genetics , DNA, Complementary/chemistry , Exons , Fats/analysis , Female , Gene Frequency , Genotype , Haplotypes , Introns , Lactation/genetics , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
Product safety is affected by product design and by the knowledge of the user, either through the user's own background or through instructions and warnings presented with the product. Given adequate knowledge, warnings can serve primarily to remind individuals of the hazards and precautions that can be taken. This study examined people in the USA (represented by two diverse samples) to evaluate their knowledge about the hazards associated with common household products and situations using both multiple choice and open-ended surveys. The results indicated that the respondents were aware of a substantial number of hazards, but their knowledge often did not extend to the specific circumstances that could produce personal injury and property damage. Further, comparisons of cued and non-cued responses suggested some hazards are not well recognized without the cue. The results indicate warnings are needed both as reminders and to provide safety information.
Subject(s)
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Household Products/poisoning , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Surveys and QuestionnairesSubject(s)
Attitude of Health Personnel , Health Care Reform , Job Satisfaction , Physicians/psychology , Humans , United StatesABSTRACT
Age differences in perception of risk and the likelihood of disregarding warning signs were examined. A total of 358 adults, between 18 and 85 years old, were asked to rate 12 warning labels with respect to (a) how risky it would be to ignore the warning, (b) how likely it was that they would disregard the warning, and (c) how familiar they were with the labels. The older groups indicated higher risk in ignoring the signs than did the younger group. The older subjects were also less willing to disregard the signs than the younger subjects.
Subject(s)
Aging/psychology , Attitude , Electric Injuries/psychology , Risk-Taking , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Dangerous Behavior , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , SafetyABSTRACT
Three experiments examined failure to solve the Piagetian water-level horizontality task in terms of artifacts of experimental procedure, perceptual characteristics of the task, and the physical principles involved in the task. The possibility that rotational set accounts for task failure was examined in Exp. 1 (N = 154 college students) with no evidence of an effect, although the spatial tasks used correlated with performance on the horizontality task for women but not for men. In Exp. 2 (N = 159) a procedure of focussing attention on the movement of water and air using a carpenter's level also did not affect horizontality performance. However, Exp. 3 confirmed that performance (N = 57) on the horizontality task was related to understanding the basic principle of the level. These results were discussed in terms of possible experiences of the subjects as well as the relative contributions of perceptual and cognitive factors.
