ABSTRACT
During the spread of COVID-19, many laboratories used the "Formulation 1" proposed by the World Health Organization to prepare hand sanitizers. Taking into consideration its ingredients and the prolonged use of hand sanitizers, "Formulation 1" (P1) was compared with two gel formulations (P2 and P3) prepared with the addition of natural emollients and two different viscosity enhancers to define their chemical-physical stability, biocidal efficacy, and in vivo acceptability and tolerability. P1 resulted in the most efficient biocide but was poorly tolerated by the skin and not acceptable in volunteer hedonic evaluation, especially in terms of irritation and drying effect, with an expectable reduction in the compliance. Moreover, its liquid formulation is unpractical and can cause ethanol evaporation. P2 and P3 proved to be both good products regarding pH and alcohol strength values. However, in terms of viscosity, texture, ease of use, and application, P3 seemed to be a better gel product than P2. Moreover, they were well tolerated by the skin, increasing the hydration of the stratum corneum, due to the addition of Calendula officinalis and Aloe vera. Despite a lower ethanol concentration than P1, P2 and P3 also showed a good biocide efficiency, with better results in P2. In conclusion, these gel formulations proved to be more convenient for long-term use with a good balance between efficacy, safety, and compatibility with the skin.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: analisar o uso dos verbos em crianças pré-escolares, com desenvolvimento linguístico típico, matriculadas na Educação Infantil da rede pública municipal de uma cidade do interior do RS. Métodos: a amostra foi composta por 48 crianças, 24 do sexo feminino e 24 do sexo masculino, com desenvolvimento linguístico típico e idades entre dois anos a cinco anos, divididas em oito grupos etários. Foram realizadas filmagens da fala espontânea de cada sujeito, e após, realizou-se a análise dos verbos, quanto ao tipo e ocorrência de todos os verbos produzidos por cada criança. Para análise estatística foram utilizados os testes de Kruskal-WalliseMann-Whitney, com nível de significância p<0.05. Resultados: não houve diferença no número de tipos verbais produzidos entre os sexos. Na comparação do número de tipos verbais produzidos entre as faixas etárias, houve diferença significativa em algumas faixas etárias, porém maiores valores na média da faixa de 4:7 a 4:11. Na totalidade da amostra foram produzidos 238 tipos verbais diferentes, sendo o verbo "ser" o de maior ocorrência. Conclusão: a quantidade de verbos produzidos não é influenciada pelo sexo das crianças. De modo geral, o uso de verbos aumenta conforme a idade, exceto nas faixas etárias de cinco anos, onde houve um pequeno decréscimo.
Objective: to analyze the use of verbs in pre-school children with typical linguistic development enrolled in the public Early Childhood Education in an inner city of RS. Methods: The sample consisted of 48 children, 24 females and 24 males, with typical linguistic development and ages between two and five years old; they were divided into eight age groups. Recordings were realized of the spontaneous speech of each subject. Afterwards, the verbs were analyzed by the type and occurrence for each child. For statistical analysis, the Kruskal-WalliseMann-Whitney tests were used, with significance level p<0.05. Results: There was no difference in the number of verbal types produced between the genders. Comparing the number of verbal types produced between the groups, there was a significant difference in some age groups, but higher values were found in the range of 4: 7 to 4: 11. A total of 238 different verbal types were produced in the sample, with the verb "to be" having the highest occurrence. Conclusion: the number of verbs produced is not influenced by the sex of the children. In general, the use of verbs increases with age, except in the five-year age group, where there was a small decrease.
Objetivo: analizar el uso de los verbos en niños preescolares, con desarrollo lingüístico típico, matriculados en la Educación Infantil de la red pública municipal de una ciudad del interior del RS. Métodos: la muestra fue de 48 niños, 24 del sexo femenino y 24 del sexo masculino, con desarrollo lingüístico típico y edades entre dos y cinco años, divididas en ocho grupos erarios. Se realizaron filmaciones del habla espontánea de cada sujeto, y después, se realizó un análisis de los verbos, en cuanto al tipo y ocurrencia de todos los verbos producidos por cada niño. Para el análisis estadístico fueron utilizados las pruebas de Kruskal-WalliseMann-Whitney, con nivel de significación p <0,05. Resultados: no hubo diferencia en el número de tipos verbales producidos entre los sexos. En la comparación del número de tipos verbales producidos entre los grupos de edad, hubo diferencia significativa en algunas franjas etarias, pero mayores valores en la media de la banda de 4:7 a 4:11. En la totalidad de la muestra fueron producidos 238 tipos verbales diferentes, siendo el verbo "ser" el de mayor ocurrencia. Conclusión: la cantidad de verbos producidos no es influenciada por el sexo de los niños. En general, el uso de verbos aumenta según la edad, excepto en las franjas de edad de cinco años, donde hubo un pequeño descenso.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Vocabulary , Child Development , Child, Preschool , Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences , Language DevelopmentABSTRACT
A 5-month-old female French bulldog was evaluated for the presence of a heart murmur. Through clinical and echocardiographic evaluations, a severe Type A pulmonary stenosis was diagnosed. Angiography during right ventricular catheterization for valvuloplasty revealed drainage from a persistent left cranial vena cava (PLCVC) into the left atrium; this was confirmed later by contrast echocardiography. This report is the first to describe this anatomical variant of a PLCVC in a dog.
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/congenital , Heart Atria , Pulmonary Valve Stenosis/diagnosis , Vena Cava, Superior/abnormalities , Animals , Dog Diseases/pathology , Dogs , Female , Pulmonary Valve Stenosis/complications , Pulmonary Valve Stenosis/pathology , Ultrasonography , Vena Cava, Superior/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The practice of endoscopic endonasal surgery is still limited in children because of the relative rarity of sellar lesions in the paediatric population. However, such an approach is increasingly reported in the literature as an alternative option to standard sublabial microsurgery, and its surgical results are being analysed. No information on the trend of the postoperative course is currently available. The goal of this paper is to assess the impact of these two different transsphenoidal approaches on the postoperative course. METHODS: Thirty-one consecutive paediatric patients were treated for sellar region lesions by transsphenoidal surgery. Fourteen children (group A) underwent surgery with a microsurgical sublabial transsphenoidal approach between 2000 and 2005; the remaining 17 children (group B) underwent surgery with an endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach between 2005 and 2009. The two groups were compared as to rate of admission to the PICU, relief from preoperative symptoms, early surgical complications, postoperative pain (Wong-Baker FACES Pain Scale) and length of postoperative hospital stay. RESULTS: Children in group B showed decreased rates of admission to the PICU (35% versus 100%) and peroperative blood transfusions (23% versus 71%), and a shorter mean postoperative hospital stay (4 days versus 5.7 days). The pain perception was significantly lower in group B than in group A, as demonstrated by the scores registered during both the early (2.05 ± 0.74 versus 2.92 ± 0.91) and late postoperative period (0.82 ± 0.95 versus 1.64 ± 0.84). No remarkable differences in terms of operative time, symptom improvement and early complications were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic endonasal surgery can improve the quality of the postoperative course in children regardless of the type of lesions treated and the surgical complications.
