Factors driving extensive spatial and temporal fluctuations in COVID-19 fatality rates in Brazilian hospitals

The SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant spread rapidly across Brazil, causing substantial infection and death waves. We use individual-level patient records following hospitalisation with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to document the extensive shocks in hospital fatality rates that followed Gammas spread across 14 state capitals, and in which more than half of hospitalised patients died over sustained time periods. We show that extensive fluctuations in COVID-19 in-hospital fatality rates also existed prior to Gammas detection, and were largely transient after Gammas detection, subsiding with hospital demand. Using a Bayesian fatality rate model, we find that the geographic and temporal fluctuations in Brazils COVID-19 in-hospital fatality rates are primarily associated with geographic inequities and shortages in healthcare capacity. We project that approximately half of Brazils COVID-19 deaths in hospitals could have been avoided without pre-pandemic geographic inequities and without pandemic healthcare pressure. Our results suggest that investments in healthcare resources, healthcare optimization, and pandemic preparedness are critical to minimize population wide mortality and morbidity caused by highly transmissible and deadly pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2, especially in low- and middle-income countries. NoteThe following manuscript has appeared as Report 46 - Factors driving extensive spatial and temporal fluctuations in COVID-19 fatality rates in Brazilian hospitals at https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk:8443/handle/10044/1/91875. One sentence summaryCOVID-19 in-hospital fatality rates fluctuate dramatically in Brazil, and these fluctuations are primarily associated with geographic inequities and shortages in healthcare capacity.

Can local anesthesia with ropivacaine provide postoperative analgesia in extraction of impacted mandibular third molars? A randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the local anesthesia efficacy of ropivacaine 0.75% compared to lidocaine 2% with 1:100,000 epinephrine for postoperative analgesia following extraction of impacted mandibular third molars. STUDY DESIGN: In this randomized, double-blind crossover clinical trial, 30 participants underwent surgical removal of bilateral impacted mandibular third molars under local anesthesia using ropivacaine 0.75% or lidocaine 2% with 1:100,000 epinephrine. The pain was recorded on a visual analog scale at 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h postoperatively. The use of analgesics and the presence of adverse effects were recorded. RESULTS: The duration of soft tissue anesthesia in the ropivacaine group was significantly longer than that in the lidocaine group. The lidocaine group recorded significantly higher visual analog scale scores at all postoperative time intervals, except in the final 48-h period. Analgesic use was higher in the lidocaine group. Rescue medication was used by 2 patients in each group (6.7%). Significantly more postoperative bleeding was seen in the ropivacaine group. CONCLUSION: Ropivacaine 0.75% injection before the surgical procedure may be associated with preventive analgesia for extraction of impacted mandibular third molars.

Validation of the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index for risk stratification after acute pulmonary embolism in a cohort of patients in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI), which was developed for risk stratification after acute pulmonary embolism (PE), for use in Brazil. METHODS: This was a single-center retrospective study involving patients admitted to the emergency department with acute PE. The original and simplified versions of the PESI were calculated using hospital admission data from medical records. The outcome measure was the overall 30-day mortality rate. RESULTS: We included 123 patients. The mean age was 57 ± 17 years, and there was a predominance of females, who accounted for 60% of the cohort. There were 28 deaths, translating to an overall 30-day mortality rate of 23%. In the cluster analysis by risk class, overall 30-day mortality was 2.40% for classes I-II, compared with 20.00% for classes III-IV-V (relative risk [RR] = 5.9; 95% CI: 1.88-18.51; p = 0.0002). When we calculated overall 30-day mortality using the simplified version (0 points vs. ≥ 1 point), we found it to be 3.25% for 0 points and 19.51% for ≥ 1 point (RR = 2.38; 95% CI: 0.89-6.38; p = 0.06). Using the original version, a survival analysis showed that risk classes I and II presented similar Kaplan-Meier curves (p = 0.59), as did risk classes III, IV, and V (p = 0.25). However, the curve of the clusters based on the original version, showed significantly higher mortality in the III-IV-V classes than in the I-II classes (RR = 7.63; 95% CI: 2.29-25.21; p = 0.0001). The cluster analysis based on the original version showed a greater area under the ROC curve than did the analysis based on the simplified version (0.70; 95% CI: 0.62-0.77 vs. 0.60; 95% CI: 0.51-0.67; p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The PESI adequately predicted the prognosis after acute PE in this sample of the population of Brazil. The cluster analysis based on the original version is the most appropriate analysis in this setting.

Validation of the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index for risk stratification after acute pulmonary embolism in a cohort of patients in Brazil / Validação do Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index para a estratificação de risco após tromboembolia pulmonar aguda em uma coorte no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To validate the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI), which was developed for risk stratification after acute pulmonary embolism (PE), for use in Brazil. Methods: This was a single-center retrospective study involving patients admitted to the emergency department with acute PE. The original and simplified versions of the PESI were calculated using hospital admission data from medical records. The outcome measure was the overall 30-day mortality rate. Results: We included 123 patients. The mean age was 57 ± 17 years, and there was a predominance of females, who accounted for 60% of the cohort. There were 28 deaths, translating to an overall 30-day mortality rate of 23%. In the cluster analysis by risk class, overall 30-day mortality was 2.40% for classes I-II, compared with 20.00% for classes III-IV-V (relative risk [RR] = 5.9; 95% CI: 1.88-18.51; p = 0.0002). When we calculated overall 30-day mortality using the simplified version (0 points vs. ≥ 1 point), we found it to be 3.25% for 0 points and 19.51% for ≥ 1 point (RR = 2.38; 95% CI: 0.89-6.38; p = 0.06). Using the original version, a survival analysis showed that risk classes I and II presented similar Kaplan-Meier curves (p = 0.59), as did risk classes III, IV, and V (p = 0.25). However, the curve of the clusters based on the original version, showed significantly higher mortality in the III-IV-V classes than in the I-II classes (RR = 7.63; 95% CI: 2.29-25.21; p = 0.0001). The cluster analysis based on the original version showed a greater area under the ROC curve than did the analysis based on the simplified version (0.70; 95% CI: 0.62-0.77 vs. 0.60; 95% CI: 0.51-0.67; p = 0.05). Conclusions: The PESI adequately predicted the prognosis after acute PE in this sample of the population of Brazil. The cluster analysis based on the original version is the most appropriate analysis in this setting.

RESUMO Objetivo: Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI) foi desenvolvido para a estratificação de risco após tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP) aguda. Nosso objetivo foi validá-lo para uso no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo unicêntrico incluindo pacientes com TEP admitidos numa unidade de emergência. O PESI (versão original e simplificada) foi calculado utilizando-se dados dos prontuários na admissão hospitalar. O desfecho analisado foi mortalidade geral em 30 dias (MG30). Resultados: Foram incluídos 123 pacientes, com média de idade de 57 ± 17 anos, predomínio do sexo feminino (60%) e MG30 de 28 óbitos (23%). Na análise agrupada, a MG30 (classes I-II vs. III-IV-V) foi de 2,40% vs. 20,00% (risco relativo [RR] = 5,9; IC95%: 1,88-18,51; p = 0,0002). A MG30 na versão simplificada (0 vs. ≥ 1 ponto) foi de 3,25% vs. 19,51% (RR = 2,38; IC95%: 0,89-6,38; p = 0,06). A análise da sobrevida mostrou que as curvas de Kaplan-Meier foram semelhantes nas classes I e II (p = 0,59) e entre as classes III, IV e V (p = 0,25). A curva da versão original agrupada mostrou que a MG30 foi significativamente maior no grupo III-IV-V que no grupo I-II (RR = 7,63; IC95%: 2,29-25,21; p = 0,0001). A análise agrupada da versão original mostrou área sob a curva ROC maior que a da versão simplificada (0,70; IC95%: 0,62-0,77 vs. 0,60; IC95%: 0,51-0,67; p = 0,05). Conclusões: O PESI mensurou adequadamente o prognóstico de MG30 após TEP aguda nesta amostra da população brasileira. A utilização da versão original agrupada foi a mais adequada nesse cenário.

Association between radiographic features and cell proliferation in keratocystic odontogenic tumor / Asociación entre las características radiográficas y la proliferación celular en el tumor odontogénico queratoquístico

The radiographic features of an intraosseous lesion are usually associated with the biological behavior of the tumor. In view of the fact that the growth and behavior of keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KCOT) is mainly associated with the proliferation of the cystic epithelium, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between cell proliferation markers and radiographic features of this tumor. Thirty-seven radiographs of KCOT obtained from 30 patients were scanned and evaluated on a monitor. Sections were submitted to immunohistochemistry for Ki-67, p63, and p53 proteins on an EnVision system. Thirty-one KCOTs were observed in the posterior of the mandible, and the unilocular aspect was predominant (n= 26). Nineteen KCOTs distorted the mandibular canal and 11 displaced teeth. Satellite cysts were associated with a multilocular aspect (P= 0.016). p53 was in KCOTS with diffuse margins (p=0.049), p63 with NBCCS (p=0.049) KOT and higher KI-67 positive cells was observed in KCOTs presenting distortion of the mandibular canal (p=0.042). The distribution of Ki-67, p63, and p53 positive cells was similar between KCOTs with uni- and multilocular aspects. The results of the present study suggest that cell proliferation in KCOT contributes to the radiographic features of this tumor.

Las características radiográficas de una lesión intraósea se asocian generalmente con el comportamiento biológico del tumor. Debido a esto, el crecimiento y comportamiento de los tumores odontogénicos queratoquísticos se asocian principalmente con la proliferación del epitelio quístico. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la relación entre los marcadores de proliferación celular y las características radiológicas de este tumor. Se escanearon y evaluaron 37 radiografías de tumores odontogénicos queratoquísticos obtenidos de 30 pacientes y las secciones de sus biopsias fueron sometidas a evaluación inmunohistoquímica para las proteíneas Ki-67, p63 y p53 en un sistema Envision. Se observaron 31 tumores odontogénicos queratoquísticos en el área posterior de la mandíbula, con predominio del aspecto unilocular (n= 26). Diecinueve tumores odontogénicos queratoquísticos distorsionaron el canal mandibular y se observaron 11 dientes desplazados. Los quistes satélites se asociaron con el aspecto multilocular (P= 0,016). La distribución de células positivas para Ki-67, p63 y p53 fue similar entre tumores odontogénicos queratoquísticos con aspectos uniformes y multiloculares, y no estaban relacionadod con la distorsión del canal mandibular (P>0,05) o con el desplazamiento del diente (P>0,05). Los resultados del presente estudio sugieren que la proliferación celular en tumores odontogénicos queratoquísticos contribuye a las características radiográficas de este tumor.

Ameloblastic fibroma: a rare case report with 7-year follow-up.

INTRODUCTION: Ameloblastic fibroma (AF) is a rare benign odontogenic tumor that usually occurs in the fi two decades of life. It affects adolescents and young adults and is found in the mandible and with a high frequency in the posterior region of this segment. There are rare case reports with a long-term follow-up. CASE OUTLINE: We report the case of a 6-year-old boy with extensive ameloblastic fibroma in the man ble. Treatment consisted of enucleation and bone curettage, with the preservation of permanent teE adjacent to the tumor. Clinical and radiographic follow-up of the patient over a period of 7 years show no signs of recurrence or malignant transformation. CONCLUSION: Patients with AF should be under follow-up for prolonged periods of time, even in ca! exhibiting a low proliferation index, because of the potential for recurrence and malignant transformation of this tumor.

Avaliação do grau de ansiedade dos pacientes antes de cirurgias orais menores / Evaluation of the degree of anxiety patients before minor oral sugery

Introdução: Medo e ansiedade são comuns a pacientes que requerem tratamento odontológico e, em se tratando de procedimentos cirúrgicos, a ansiedade pode tornar-se um fator complicador, a partir do momento em que a alteração dos sinais vitais do paciente pode gerar situações de emergência. Objetivo: Avaliar o grau de ansiedade pré-operatória dos pacientes submetidos a cirurgias orais, identificando qual procedimento cirúrgico causa mais ansiedade nos pacientes e qual o momento cirúrgico causador de maior ansiedade. Material e Método: Foram selecionados 200 pacientes que iriam se submeter a cirurgias bucais nos ambulatórios do Departamento de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. No dia da cirurgia, os pacientes respondiam à escala EAD, tendo sido avaliadas a frequência cardíaca (FC) e a pressão arterial sanguínea (PA), considerados dados basais dos parâmetros físicos empregados para a avaliação da ansiedade pré-operatória. Resultado: Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes (Kruskal-Wallis, p=0,6933) entre os tratamentos em relação à ansiedade. A correlação de Spearman (rS) entre os valores obtidos para a ansiedade e os valores de pressão arterial e frequência cardíaca revelou-se fraca (rS<0,2), embora significativa (p<0,05) entre os resultados. A anestesia foi o momento que produziu maior ansiedade (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0,05), em relação aos demais momentos. Conclusão: A ansiedade teve influência no aumento da frequência cardíaca e da pressão arterial sistólica, tornando-se importante o seu controle pelo cirurgião-dentista para evitar complicações no decorrer da cirurgia.

Introduction: Fear and anxiety are common in patients who require odontological treatment. During surgical procedures, anxiety can become a complicating factor from the moment in which the change of patient’s vital signs can generate emergency situations. Objective: Evaluate the degree of preoperative anxiety of patients submitted to oral surgery, to identify which surgical procedure causes more anxiety in patients and also which surgical moment is causing greater anxiety. Material and Method: 200 patients were selected for oral surgery at the clinics of the Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Sergipe. On the day of surgery, patients answered the EAD scale and their heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were evaluated. These data served as baseline of the physical parameters used in the evaluation of preoperative anxiety. Result: Statistically, there were no significant differences (Kruskal-Wallis test, p=0.6933) between treatments regarding anxiety. The Spearman correlation (rS) between the values obtained for anxiety, blood pressure levels and heart rate showed a weak correlation (rs <0.2), although significant (p<0.05) between the results. The anesthesia was the moment that produced greater anxiety (Kruskal-Wallis test, p<0.05) compared to the other moments. Conclusion: Anxiety has a connection with the increase of the heart rate and systolic blood pressure. This fact makes very important its control by the surgeon-dentist meaning to avoid complications through the surgery.

Comparação da latência anestésica da Articaína, Lidocaína e Ropivacaína, avaliadas por meio de "Pulp Tester" / A comparative evaluation of anesthetic latency of Articaine, Lidocaine and Ropivacaine evaluated by a pulp tester

Objetivo: Avaliar a latência anestésica da ropivacaína 7,5 mg/mL, comparada à lidocaína 2%, associada à epinefrina 1:100.000 e à articaína 4% com epinefrina 1:100.000 em anestesia de bloqueio do nervo alveolar superior posterior (BNASP). Método: Realizou-se um estudo duplo cego, cruzado e randomizado, em que foram selecionados 40 pacientes que necessitavam de tratamento odontológico e que se submeteriam a três sessães com bloqueio do nervo alveolar superior posterior. Foram realizados 120 bloqueios anestésicos em sessães distintas com intervalo de uma semana entre as sessães sendo: 40 bloqueios com ropivacaína 7,5 mg/mL, 40 bloqueios com articaína 4% com epinefrina 1:100.000 e 40 bloqueios com lidocaína 2% com epinefrina 1:100.000. A latência anestésica foi medida por meio de ôpulp testerõ em ciclos de 2 min, considerando a insensibilidade pulpar na ausência de resposta após dois testes consecutivos de 80muW. Os testes de Qui-quadrado, Wilcoxon, Friedman e teste t foram utilizados para comparar as latências anestésicas. Resultados: Na comparaçÆo da latência anestésica, que é o tempo entre o final da injeçÆo da soluçÆo anestésica e o bloqueio da conduçÆo nervosa, das três soluçães, verificaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significantes (teste de Friedman, p=0.0033) entre a lidocaína 2% com epinefrina 1:100.000, que apresentou menores (p<0,05) valores, e a ropivacaína 7,5 mg/mL, mas nÆo houve diferenças significantes (p>0,05) entre a articaína 4% com epinefrina 1:100.000 e as outras soluçães.ConclusÆo: A ropivacaína 7,5 mg/mL é uma boa alternativa para a anestesia local nos diversos procedimentos odontológicos. Apesar de apresentar maior tempo de latência em relaçÆo à lidocaína 2% com epinefrina 1:100.000, enquanto que a articaína 4% com epinefrina 1:100.000 apresenta tempo de latência intermediário em relaçÆo às outras duas soluçães anestésicas...

Objective: To evaluate the anesthetic latency of ropivacaine 7.5 mg/mL compared with 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine for posterior superior alveolar nerve (PSAN) block. Method: A randomized double-blind and crossover test was undertaken with 40 patients who required dental treatment sessions under PSAN blocks. A total of 120 PSAN blocks were performed in separate sessions with a 1-week interval between the appointments, being 40 with ropivacaine 7.5 mg/mL, 40 with 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, and 40 with 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine. The anesthetic latency was measured using a pulp tester in 2-minute cycles. The pulp was considered as non-sensitive when noresponse was obtained after two consecutive 80muW tests. Theanesthetic latencies were compared using chi-square, Wilcoxon, Friedman and Student?s t-tests. Results: Comparisons among the three solutions regarding the anesthetic latency, which is the time between the end of injection and the blocking of nerve conduction, revealed statistically significant differences (Friedman test, p=0.0033). Lidocaine 2% with 1:100,000 epinephrine presented the lowest values (p<0.05) and differed significantly from ropivacaine 7.5 mg/mL. No statistically significant difference was found between 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and the other solutions. Conclusion: Ropivacaine 7.5 mg/mL is a good alternative for local anesthesia in the various dental procedures despite its longer anesthetic latency compared with lidocaine 2% with 1:100,000 epinephrine. Articaine 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine presented an intermediate latency time relative to the other two anesthetic solutions...

Hérnia diafragmática traumática em felino / Diaphragmatic traumatic hernia in feline

As hérnias diafragmáticas caracterizam-se pela passagem das vísceras abdominais para a cavidade torácica após ruptura do diafragma (FOSSUM et al., 2007). Normalmente as hérnias diafragmáticas tem origem traumática (DALECK et al., 2008), podendo também ser de caráter congênito (MAZZANTI et al., 2003). Os sintomas relacionam-se com alterações gastrointestinais e respiratórias, sendo a dispneia o distúrbio mais mencionado (DRUMOND et al., 2007). O diagnóstico fundamenta-se, especialmente, na história do paciente que geralmente coincide com trauma, decorrente de acidentes automobilísticos, quedas, chutes e brigas (FOSSUM et al., 2007), e sinais clínicos apresentados, porém o exame radiográfico é primordial para o diagnóstico conclusivo (ARAGÃO et al., 2010). Com esse trabalho objetivou-se relatar um caso de hérnia diafragmática adquirida em felino após traumatismo, submetido ao tratamento cirúrgico, o qual desencadeou parada cardiorrespiratória com necessidade de atendimento emergencial.

Clinicopathological and demographic characteristics of ameloblastomas in a population from Bahia, Brazil / Características clinicopatológicas e demográficas de ameloblastomas em uma população da Bahia, Brasil

Purpose: The present study aimed to review a series of ameloblastoma cases by observing their clinicopathological and demographic characteristics. The data in this study were compared to previous studies. Methods: Seventy ameloblastoma cases were obtained from the archive of the Surgical Pathology Service of the Dental School of the Federal University of Bahia and were analyzed with regards to age, gender, clinical manifestation, radiographic aspect, anatomical distribution and histological subtype. These data were submitted to statistical analysis. Results: Of the 70 cases, 35 (50%) occurred in males and 35 (50%) in females. Young adults were most affected by tumors. Fifty-six (80%) of all tumor cases occurred in the jaw. The main histological subtype seen was unicystic ameloblastoma, which occurred in 35 cases. The majority of the tumors [n=57 (81.4%)] were treated with radical surgery. The differences in clinical aspects and anatomical distribution were shown to be statistically significant (P<0.001).Conclusion: The clinical-epidemiological profile of the patients in the present study is similar to that in other populations, with unicystic ameloblastoma being the most common histological subtype seen.

Objetivo: O presente estudo se propôs a revisar uma série de casos de ameloblastomas, observando-se as suas características clinicopatológicas e demográficas. Adicionalmente, os dados foram comparados com estudos prévios.Metodologia: Setenta casos de ameloblastomas foram recuperados dos arquivos do serviço de Patologia Cirúrgica da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia e analisados quanto a idade, sexo, manifestação clínica, aspecto radiográfico, distribuição anatômica e subtipo histológico. Esses dados foram submetidos à análise estatística.Resultados: Dos 70 casos, 35 (50%) acometeram o sexo masculino e 35 (50%) o sexo feminino. Os adultos jovens foram os mais afetados pelos tumores. A mandíbula foi o sítio preferencial, correspondendo a 56 casos (80%) do total dos tumores analisados. O principal subtipo histológico encontrado foi o ameloblastoma unicístico, que acorreu em 35 casos. A maioria dos tumores [n=57 (81,4%)] foi tratada cirurgicamente de forma radical. Dados em relação ao aspecto clínico e distribuição anatômica apresentaram-se estatisticamente significantes (P<0,001). Conclusão: O perfil clínico- epidemiológico dos pacientes do presente estudo é similar ao de outras populações, sendo que o ameloblastoma unicístico é o subtipo histológico mais comum em nossa população.