Role of proinflammatory cytokines on lipopolysaccharide-induced phase shifts in locomotor activity circadian rhythm.

We previously reported that early night peripheral bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection produces phase delays in the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in mice. We now assess the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on circadian physiology, including their role in LPS-induced phase shifts. First, we investigated whether differential systemic induction of classic proinflammatory cytokines could explain the time-specific behavioral effects of peripheral LPS. Induction levels for plasma interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1ß, IL-6, or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α did not differ between animals receiving a LPS challenge in the early day or early night. We next tested the in vivo effects of central proinflammatory cytokines on circadian physiology. We found that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) delivery of TNF-α or interleukin IL-1ß induced phase delays on wheel-running activity rhythms. Furthermore, we analyzed if these cytokines mediate the LPS-induced phase shifts and found that i.c.v. administration of soluble TNF-α receptor (but not an IL-1ß antagonistic) prior to LPS stimulation inhibited the phase delays. Our work suggests that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) responds to central proinflammatory cytokines in vivo, producing phase shifts in locomotor activity rhythms. Moreover, we show that the LPS-induced phase delays are mediated through the action of TNF-α at the central level, and that systemic induction of proinflammatory cytokines might be necessary, but not sufficient, for this behavioral outcome.

Paying the circadian toll: the circadian response to LPS injection is dependent on the Toll-like receptor 4.

Systemic low doses of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administered at CT15 (circadian time 12 corresponds to locomotor activity onset) induce phase delays of locomotor activity rhythms in mice. To evaluate if this effect was mediated by the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), our present aim was to characterize the circadian behavior and LPS-induced circadian response of TLR4 (LPS receptor)-deficient mice (in C57bl/10 and C3H backgrounds). In mutants, we observed a free-running period and a light-induced phase delay similar to the one observed in their corresponding wild-type (WT) littermates. The LPS-induced phase delay, wheel running inhibition and c-Fos/Per-1 immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nuclei observed in WT mice was absent or significantly decreased in the TLR4-deficient mice. In conclusion, we show that LPS-induced circadian responses are mediated by TLR4.