ABSTRACT
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to impose a serious burden on health systems globally. Despite worldwide vaccination, social distancing and wearing masks, the spread of the virus is ongoing. One of the mechanisms by which neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) block virus entry into cells encompasses interaction inhibition between the cell surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2-specific NAb development can be induced in the blood of cattle. Pregnant cows produce NAbs upon immunization, and antibodies move into the colostrum immediately before calving. Here, we immunized cows with SARS-CoV-2 S1 receptor binding domain (RBD) protein in proper adjuvant solutions, followed by one boost with SARS-CoV-2 trimeric S protein and purified immunoglobulins from colostrum. We demonstrate that this preparation indeed blocks the interaction between the trimeric S protein and ACE2 in different in vitro assays. Moreover, we describe the formulation of purified immunoglobulin preparation into a nasal spray. When administered to human subjects, the formulation persisted on the nasal mucosa for at least 4 hours, as determined by a clinical study. Therefore, we are presenting a solution that shows great potential to serve as a prophylactic agent against SARS-CoV-2 infection as an additional measure to vaccination and wearing masks. Moreover, our technology allows for rapid and versatile adaptation for preparing prophylactic treatments against other diseases using the defined characteristics of antibody movement into the colostrum.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 , Animals , Antibodies, Neutralizing , Antibodies, Viral , COVID-19/prevention & control , Cattle , Colostrum/metabolism , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Spike Glycoprotein, CoronavirusABSTRACT
The oxidation of lipids in different prefabricated meat products may have detrimental effects on the organoleptic properties and/or safety of meat, and poses a serious health concern. The oxidation processes may be accelerated by acids that are added to some products, e.g., marinated meat. In this work, the oxidation of free polyunsaturated fatty acids during pork marination in the presence of different acidifiers was investigated. It was demonstrated by the measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectroscopy that the highest degree of oxidation occurred in acetic acid and lactic acid marinades, whereas the oxidation was significantly suppressed by citric and ascorbic acids. Among the primary products of oxidation, 9,12,13-trihydroxy-10-octadecenoic acid and two isomers of hydroxy-epoxy-octadecenoic acid were dominating. A nearly linear correlation between TBARS values and total content of these two hydroxy-fatty acids was observed.
