The varied clinical and radiological manifestations of contrast-induced encephalopathy following coronary angiography.

Contrast-induced encephalopathy (CIE) is a rare complication of imaging using ionidated contrast media. Its pathogenesis remains unknown, and its clinical presentation is variable. We present two cases of CIE following coronary angiography (CAG) that underscore the multitude of clinical manifestations and imaging findings associated with the disorder. In patient 1, CIE manifested during the CAG with agitation and decreased consciousness, followed by left hemiparesis and visual neglect. Native computed tomography (CT) of the head was unremarkable but CT perfusion (CTP) showed extensive hypoperfusion of the right hemisphere with corresponding slow-wave activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG). These findings were more pronounced the next day. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed multiple small dot-like ischemic lesions across the brain. By day 6, she had fully recovered. Patient 2 developed transient expressive aphasia during the CAG followed by migraineous symptoms. Native head CT showed a large area of parenchymal edema, sulcal effacement and variable subarachnoid hyperdensity in the right hemisphere. He developed mild left-side hemiparesis, spontaneous gaze deviation and inattention. Brain MRI showed small dot-like acute ischemic lesions across the brain. The next morning, he had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) after which native head CT was normal, but the EEG showed a post-ictal finding covering the right hemisphere. His hemiparesis resolved within 2 months. The diversity in clinical and radiographic presentations suggest that CIE involve many pathophysiological processes.

Factors associated with severity of atopic dermatitis - a Finnish cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Severity-associated factors in atopic dermatitis (AD) have focussed on early onset, concomitant atopic diseases, markers of Th2-shifted inflammation and filaggrin mutations. OBJECTIVES: To investigate factors associated with severe AD in Finnish patients. METHODS: We conducted a single-centre, cross-sectional observational study with 502 AD patients aged 4.79 to 79.90 years (mean 32.08 years). Disease severity was assessed with the Rajka-Langeland severity score and EASI and associated clinical signs were evaluated. Data regarding onset, relatives, atopic and other comorbidities was gathered retrospectively. We investigated total serum IgE-levels, a panel of filaggrin null mutations and functional variants of genes associated with skin barrier defects. RESULTS: Factors more frequent in severe AD included early onset (P = 0.004, 95%CI 0.000-0.024), male sex (P = 0.002, 95%CI 0.000-0.11), history of smoking (P = 0.012, 95%CI 0.000-0.024), concomitant asthma (P = 0.001, 95%CI 0.000-0.011), palmar hyperlinearity (P = 0.013, 95%CI 0.014-0.059), hand dermatitis (P = 0.020, 95%CI 0.000-0.029) and history of contact allergy (P = 0.042, 95%CI 0.037-0.096). Body mass indices (P < 0.000, 95%CI 0.000-0.011) and total serum IgE-levels (P < 0.000, 95%CI 0.000-0.011) were higher in severe AD. No differences were observed for allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, food allergy, peanut allergy, prick positivity, keratosis pilaris, history of herpes simplex infections, filaggrin null mutations and other gene variants. CONCLUSIONS: Severity determinants in Finnish patients seem to be early-onset, male sex, smoking, overweight, concomitant asthma, palmar hyperlinearity, hand dermatitis and high IgE-levels. A sub-typing of patients in relation to confirmed severity determinants may be useful for course prediction, prognosis and targeted AD management.

Effects of Intranasal Oxytocin on the Interpretation and Expression of Emotions in Anorexia Nervosa.

Altered social-emotional functioning is considered to play an important role in the development and maintenance of anorexia nervosa (AN). Recently, there has been increasing interest in investigating the role of intranasal oxytocin in social-emotional processing. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of intranasal oxytocin on the interpretation and expression of emotions among people with AN. Thirty women with AN and 29 age-matched healthy women took part in the present study, which used a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. The participants received a single dose of 40 IU of intranasal oxytocin in one session and a placebo spray in the other. Fifteen minutes after administration, the participants completed the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test to assess the interpretation of complex emotions and mental states followed by a video task, which assessed expressions of facial affect when they were viewing humorous and sad film clips. The intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence the expression or interpretation of emotions in the AN or healthy comparison groups. The AN group expressed significantly less positive emotion, spent more time looking away and reported experiencing a significantly more negative affect in response to the film clips. The finding that intranasal oxytocin had little to no effect on the interpretation or expression of emotions in either group supports the notion that the effects of oxytocin on social-emotional processing are not straightforward and may depend on individual and environmental differences, as well as the emotion being processed. Replication of these findings is necessary to explore the effect of timing on the effects of oxytocin before firm conclusions can be drawn. Nonetheless, these findings add to the steady accumulation of evidence that people with AN have reduced emotional expression and avoidance of emotionally provoking stimuli.

Facial expression to emotional stimuli in non-psychotic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Facial expression of emotion is crucial to social interaction and emotion regulation; therefore, altered facial expressivity can be a contributing factor in social isolation, difficulties with emotion regulation and a target for therapy. This article provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on automatic emotional facial expression in people with non-psychotic disorders compared to healthy comparison groups. Studies in the review used an emotionally salient visual induction method, and reported on automatic facial expression in response to congruent stimuli. A total of 39 studies show alterations in emotional facial expression across all included disorders, except anxiety disorders. In depression, decreases in facial expression are mainly evident for positive affect. In eating disorders, a meta-analysis showed decreased facial expressivity in response to positive and negative stimuli. Studies in autism partially support generally decreased facial expressivity in this group. The data included in this review point towards decreased facial emotional expressivity in individuals with different non-psychotic disorders. This is the first review to synthesise facial expression studies across clinical disorders.

Mobile health and wellness application framework.

OBJECTIVES: There is an increasing need for user-friendly and interoperable mobile applications in health and wellness domain. The objective of this work has been to provide support for rapid and cost-effective development of such applications. METHODS: We have introduced an application framework which provides a generic tool for mobile application designers. We have demonstrated the usage of the application framework by providing an example implementation and demonstrating its usage in a Tele-ECG use case. In order to support interoperability we propose a solution compatible with clinical document standards such as the HL7 CDA. RESULTS: A new mobile platform applicable for a wide range of telemedicine and wellness applications is introduced. The platform provides connectivity between healthcare professionals, patients and measurement devices. It is based on an open application framework that provides interfaces for measurement, user interface, database and network connectivity implementations. CONCLUSIONS: Mobile application development based on the application framework was demonstrated successfully. The developed UPHIAC platform adopts a new technical approach using a local database solution for caching of information at the mobile terminal. The platform applies a document-based approach providing a versatile and reliable way of sharing and collaboratively complementing of health information including standard information model documents (HL7/CDA), and integration with health information systems and personal storages. The implemented mobile tele-ECG case demonstrates the overall function of the platform. The platform can be used as a basis for developing new applications for specific purposes.

Emotional face processing deficit in schizophrenia: A replication study in a South African Xhosa population.

Schizophrenia is associated with a deficit in the recognition of negative emotions from facial expressions. The present study examined the universality of this finding by studying facial expression recognition in African Xhosa population. Forty-four Xhosa patients with schizophrenia and forty healthy controls were tested with a computerized task requiring rapid perceptual discrimination of matched positive (i.e. happy), negative (i.e. angry), and neutral faces. Patients were equally accurate as controls in recognizing happy faces but showed a marked impairment in recognition of angry faces. The impairment was particularly pronounced for high-intensity (open-mouth) angry faces. Patients also exhibited more false happy and angry responses to neutral faces than controls. No correlation between level of education or illness duration and emotion recognition was found but the deficit in the recognition of negative emotions was more pronounced in familial compared to non-familial cases of schizophrenia. These findings suggest that the deficit in the recognition of negative facial expressions may constitute a universal neurocognitive marker of schizophrenia.

Synthesis and in-vitro/in-vivo evaluation of orally administered entacapone prodrugs.

Entacapone is a new inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) that is used as an adjunct to L-dopa therapy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The bioavailability of orally administered entacapone is, however, relatively low (29-46%). In this study we have prepared more lipophilic acyl and acyloxyacyl esters, an acyloxy alkyl ether and an alkyloxycarbonyl ester of entacapone, and we have evaluated them as potential prodrugs to enhance the oral bioavailability of entacapone. All the derivatives fulfilled prodrug criteria and released entacapone in human serum in-vitro. The oral bioavailability of monopivaloyl (1a) and dipivaloyl (1b) esters of entacapone were investigated further in rats. The lipophilicity of 1b was high (log Papp 4.0 at pH 7.4) but its oral bioavailability was low (F = 0.6%), most probably due to its low aqueous solubility. The monopivaloyl ester of entacapone (1a) had a higher lipophilicity (log Papp 0.80) than entacapone (log Papp 0.18) at pH 7.4 while maintaining an aqueous solubility equal to entacapone. However, oral bioavailability was not increased when compared with the parent drug entacapone (F = 7.0% and 10.4%, respectively).

Emotion recognition and social adjustment in school-aged girls and boys.

The present study investigated emotion recognition accuracy and its relation to social adjustment in 7-10 year-old children. The ability to recognize basic emotions from facial and vocal expressions was measured and compared to peer popularity and to teacher-rated social competence. The results showed that emotion recognition was related to these measures of social adjustment, but the gender of a child and emotion category affected this relationship. Emotion recognition accuracy was significantly related to social adjustment for the girls, but not for the boys. For the girls, especially the recognition of surprise was related to social adjustment. Together, these results suggest that the ability to recognize others' emotional states from nonverbal cues is an important socio-cognitive ability for school-aged girls.

Synthesis of a water-soluble prodrug of entacapone.

Entacapone was reacted with phosphorous oxychloride in dry pyridine to yield a phosphate ester. The phosphate promoiety increased aqueous solubility of the parent drug by more than 1700- and 20-fold at pH 1.2 and 7.4, respectively. The phosphate ester provides adequate stability (t(1/2) = 2227 h; pH 7.4) towards chemical hydrolysis, and allowed for release of the parent drug via enzymatic hydrolysis in liver homogenate.

Synthesis and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of novel oral N-alkyl- and N,N-dialkyl-carbamate esters of entacapone.

Entacapone has a relatively low oral bioavailability which may, in part, be due to its low aqueous solubility at low pH and/or its hydrophilic character at neutral pH. Various novel N-alkyl and N,N-dialkyl carbamate esters of entacapone were synthesized as possible prodrugs of entacapone in order to increase its aqueous solubility at an acidic pH and to increase its lipophilicity at neutral pH. Oral bioavailability of entacapone and selected carbamate esters were investigated in rats. Both N-alkyl and N,N-dialkyl carbamate esters were relatively stable against chemical hydrolysis at pH 7.4 (t1/2 = 14.9-20.7 h), but hydrolyzed rapidly (t1/2 = 0.8-2.7 h) in human serum. However, in contrast to N-alkyl carbamates, N,N-dialkyl carbamates did not release entacapone in in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis (human serum) studies. N-Alkyl carbamates, 2a-c, showed increased aqueous solubility at pH 7.4, of which 2a and 2c also show increased aqueous solubility at pH 5.0, compared to entacapone. In addition to increased aqueous solubility, 2c showed increased lipophilicity at pH 7.4. However, two N-alkyl carbamates of entacapone did not increase the oral bioavailability of the parent drug in rats. Thus, it can be concluded that the relatively low lipophilicity of entacapone is not the cause of its low bioavailability.

Bacteriologic findings in tonsillitis and pericoronitis.

Bacteriologic samples from 31 young men were cultured quantitatively for aerobes and anaerobes; these samples included 31 specimens of tonsils (16 infected and 15 healthy), 16 specimens from pericoronal pockets of lower third molars (11 infected and 5 symptom-free), and 6 postoperative specimens from lower-third-molar extraction sockets. Anaerobes were isolated more often from infected third molars than from infected tonsils (14.5 isolates vs. 8.4 isolates, respectively; P < .001). Infected tonsil samples contained significantly more anaerobic species if an adjacent partly erupted lower third molar was present rather than absent (10.3 isolates vs. 6.9 isolates, respectively; P < .05). Eubacterium aerofaciens, Clostridium species, Peptostreptococcus micros, and Prevotella oris were frequently isolated. Streptococcus salivarius was found more frequently in tonsillar specimens, whereas Corynebacterium species, Prevotella denticola, Capnocytophaga species, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Lactobacillus species were more common in pericoronal pocket samples. Thus, partial eruption of lower third molars increases the number of anaerobic bacterial species on tonsils and many species can be isolated simultaneously from both tonsils and lower third molars.

Pericoronitis and tonsillitis: clinical and darkfield microscopy findings.

OBJECTIVE: Upper respiratory tract infections and tonsillitis and pharyngitis in particular increase the risk of lower third molar pericoronitis. The study was made to investigate clinical and microbiologic associations between pericoronitis and tonsillitis. STUDY DESIGN: The subjects were 20-year-old Finnish male conscripts. Thirty-eight patients had tonsillitis without and 33 patients had tonsillitis with a symptom-free erupting lower third molar; 27 patients had pericoronitis but healthy tonsils. All subjects were examined clinically. Bacterial samples were taken from healthy and diseased tonsils and from healthy and diseased third molar pericoronal pockets. The microbes were classified morphologically with the use of a darkfield microscope. RESULTS: Eighty-two percent of infected tonsils had deep crypts and 52% of them exudated pus compared with 36% (p < 0.001) and 0% (p < 0.001) in healthy tonsils, respectively. Infected lower third molars were less than half erupted and had on average 8.8 mm deep pericoronal pockets compared with pockets 5.5 mm deep recorded in symptom-free cases (p < 0.001). Spirochetes were more common in infected pockets than in symptom-free cases comprising 8.2% versus 3.0% of the total bacterial count (p = 0.044). Rods were more common in infected tonsils than healthy ones (8.9% versus 4.8%, p = 0.041). CONCLUSION: There were similarities in morphologic microbiota of pericoronitis and tonsillitis. However, clinical findings of tonsils did not appear to link with the findings of third molars.