ABSTRACT
The identification of QTL for several physiological traits in sunflower is described. Traits related to photosynthesis (leaf chlorophyll concentration, net photosynthesis and internal CO(2) concentration) and water status (stomatal conductance, transpiration, predawn leaf water potential, and relative water content) were evaluated in a population of recombinant inbred lines under greenhouse conditions. Narrow-sense heritabilities were low to average. Using an AFLP linkage map, 19 QTL were detected explaining 8.8-62.9% of the phenotypic variance for each trait. Among these, two major QTL for net photosynthesis were identified on linkage group IX. One QTL co-location was found on linkage group VIII for stomatal movements and water status. Coincident locations for QTL regulating photosynthesis, transpiration and leaf water potential were described on linkage group XIV. These results lead to the first description of the organization of genomic regions related to yield in sunflower.
Subject(s)
Helianthus/genetics , Photosynthesis/genetics , Quantitative Trait, Heritable , Carbon Dioxide/metabolism , Chlorophyll/metabolism , Chromosome Mapping , Environment, Controlled , Genes, Plant , Genetic Markers , Helianthus/physiology , Osmotic Pressure , Photosynthesis/physiology , Plant Epidermis/physiology , Plant Leaves/genetics , Plant Leaves/physiology , Plant Transpiration , Recombination, Genetic , Water/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In France, when a new medical technology is to be applied experimentally to human beings, it must adhere to the principles stipulated by the Huriet-Sérusclat law on biomedical research. This law requires that the validation of a protocol applicable to human beings, with its corollary protection and information dimensions, is first submitted to a research committee, known as a Consultative Committee Protecting Persons in Biomedical Research (CCPPRB). We aimed to survey the competence of these committees in biotechnology, and whether or not intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) had been considered by the committees as being an innovative treatment. METHODS: We presented each of France's 48 CCPPRBs with a questionnaire to assess the choices and criteria for making decisions that arose at the time ICSI was implemented in the different centres in each region. FINDINGS: 36 committees took part. We found that ICSI had been largely introduced in settings outside the scope of the CCPPRBs and of the framework fixed by the law on biomedical research. Only three centres for medically assisted reproduction had submitted applications to a CCPPRB, although ICSI has been implemented in over 20 centres. 21 (58%) committees were of the opinion that the implementation of ICSI could have come under their supervision. 24 (67%) committees believed that, independently of their own involvement, evaluation procedures for ICSI should have been specified before centres decided to introduce it. INTERPRETATION: We observed important differences in the way CCPPRBs handled ICSI as being within or outside the medical research field. The status of the research committees is legally and identically defined. However, committees did not agree on the definition of the limits of their action, and, therefore, their handling of the same issue differed. An inquiry is needed to define how, now that ICSI is done in many centres, it should adhere to principles of evaluation and safety already in existence for other medical technologies.
Subject(s)
Ethical Review , Ethics Committees, Research , Reproductive Techniques , Technology Assessment, Biomedical , Ethics, Medical , Female , France , Humans , Male , Microinjections , Oocytes , Risk Assessment , Spermatozoa , Therapeutic Human ExperimentationABSTRACT
The near-infrared spectra (7200-3800 cm-1 ) of seven phenols OH-OD (4-CH3 , H, 4-Cl, 4-Br, 3-Br, 3,4-diCl, 3-5-diCl) are investigated at room temperature in carbon tetrachloride. The mid-infrared spectra of some phenol-OD have also been studied. Beside the first overtone of the nu(OH) stretching vibration, six absorptions disappear upon deuteration. The absorptions are assigned to combinations involving the nu(OH) stretching mode and aromatic ring vibrations, the nu(C-O) mode, or the delta(OH) mode. The anharmonicity and coupling constants are discussed. The isotopic ratio of the nu(OH) stretching fundamentals, of their first overtone, and the ratio of the anharmonicity constants are very insensitive to the nature of the phenol. The stability constants of complexes between phenols and base can be computed from several near-infrared absorptions and this is illustrated for the 3,5-dichlorophenol-pyrazine complex.
ABSTRACT
One thousand one hundred and seventy refugees from Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam were examined in the north of France from 1976 to 1980. 58% of them carried digestive parasites, 22% had anti-Plasmodium antibodies and 2% showed circulating Plasmodium. The most frequent parasites were hookworms (28%), Opisthorchiidae (15%) and Giardia intestinalis (12%). Strongyloides stercoralis (5,7%), Entamoeba histolytica (4,5%), tapeworms (3,3%), human coccidia (1,3%) and Trichostrongylus sp. (1%) were less frequent. Four cases of japonicum schistosomiasis were diagnosed by rectal biopsy. Three species of Plasmodium were identified: P. falciparum (10 cases), P. vivax (3 cases) and P. malariae (2 cases). 16% of the refugees displayed E haemoglobin (Hb E). The occurrence of parasitic infestation and Hb E were more frequent in Cambodians and Laotians than in Vietnameses. Specific anti-P. falciparum antibodies were observed with a significant higher frequency in patients carrying Hb E.
