ABSTRACT
Metastatic melanoma is a highly life-threatening disease. The lack of response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy highlights the critical need for novel treatments. Parthenolide, an active component of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), inhibits proliferation and kills various cancer cells mainly by inducing apoptosis. The aim of the study was to examine anticancer effects of parthenolide in melanoma cells in vitro. The cytotoxicity of parthenolide was tested in melanoma cell lines and melanocytes, as well as melanoma cells directly derived from a surgical excision. Adherent cell proliferation was measured by tetrazolium derivative reduction assay. Loss of the plasma membrane integrity, hypodiploid events, reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, and caspase-3 activity were assessed by flow cytometric analysis. Microscopy was used to observe morphological changes and cell detachment. Parthenolide reduced the number of viable adherent cells in melanoma cultures. Half maximal inhibitory concentration values around 4 mumol/l were determined. Cell death accompanied by mitochondrial membrane depolarization and caspase-3 activation was observed as the result of parthenolide application. Interestingly, the melanoma cells from vertical growth phase and melanocytes were less susceptible to parthenolide-induced cell death than metastatic cells when drug concentration was at least 6 mumol/l. Reactive oxygen species level was not significantly increased in melanoma cells. However, preincubation of parthenolide with the thiol nucleophile N-acetyl-cysteine protected melanoma cells from parthenolide-induced cell death suggesting the reaction with intracellular thiols as the mechanism responsible for parthenolide activity. In conclusion, the observed anticancer activity makes parthenolide an attractive drug candidate for further testing in melanoma therapy.
Subject(s)
Melanoma/drug therapy , Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology , Skin Neoplasms/therapy , Tanacetum parthenium/chemistry , Acetylcysteine/pharmacology , Adult , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/antagonists & inhibitors , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Caspase 3/metabolism , Cell Adhesion/drug effects , Cell Growth Processes/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Drug Interactions , Female , Flow Cytometry , Humans , Male , Melanoma/metabolism , Melanoma/pathology , Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects , Mice , Middle Aged , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Sesquiterpenes/antagonists & inhibitors , Skin Neoplasms/metabolism , Skin Neoplasms/pathologyABSTRACT
Melanoma (melanoma malignum) is a malignant tumor derived from melanin-producing melanocytes. Both environmental factors and genetic predisposition are important in tumor development and progression. If not detected and removed early, it is very aggressive and unresponsive to current therapeutic approaches. Therefore, one of the major goals of melanoma research is to better understand cancer biology, which in turn might result in the development of novel treatment strategies. This article reviews selected aspects of the molecular biology of melanoma with an emphasis on describing the role of transcription factors. These regulatory proteins modulate the expressions of genes, and alterations in transcription factor function are associated with human diseases, including cancer. The transcription factors MITF, NF-kappaB, AP-1, AP-2alpha, Notch, CREB, Ets-1, LEF/TCF/beta-catenin, PAX3, Ski, Snail, and STAT play important roles during the development and progression of melanoma. Both the causes and the consequences of changes in transcription factor expression and/or activity are described based on the most recent literature.
