Fishing for oil and meat drives irreversible defaunation of deepwater sharks and rays.

The deep ocean is the last natural biodiversity refuge from the reach of human activities. Deepwater sharks and rays are among the most sensitive marine vertebrates to overexploitation. One-third of threatened deepwater sharks are targeted, and half the species targeted for the international liver-oil trade are threatened with extinction. Steep population declines cannot be easily reversed owing to long generation lengths, low recovery potentials, and the near absence of management. Depth and spatial limits to fishing activity could improve conservation when implemented alongside catch regulations, bycatch mitigation, and international trade regulation. Deepwater sharks and rays require immediate trade and fishing regulations to prevent irreversible defaunation and promote recovery of this threatened megafauna group.

Molecular Taxonomy and Diversification of Atlantic Skates (Chondrichthyes, Rajiformes): Adding More Pieces to the Puzzle of Their Evolutionary History.

Conservation and long-term management plans of marine species need to be based upon the universally recognized key-feature of species identity. This important assignment is particularly challenging in skates (Rajiformes) in which the phenotypic similarity between some taxa and the individual variability in others, hampers accurate species identification. Here, 432 individual skate samples collected from four major ocean areas of the Atlantic were barcoded and taxonomically analysed. A BOLD project ELASMO ATL was implemented with the aim of establishing a new fully available and well curated barcode library containing both biological and molecular information. The evolutionary histories of the 38 skate taxa were estimated with two concatenated mitochondrial markers (COI and NADH2) through Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference. New evolutionary lineages within the genus Raja were discovered off Angola, where paleogeographic history coupled with oceanographic discontinuities could have contributed to the establishment of isolated refugia, playing a fundamental role among skates' speciation events. These data successfully resolved many taxonomic ambiguities, identified cryptic diversity within valid species and demonstrated a highly cohesive monophyletic clustering among the order, laying the background for further inference of evolutionary patterns suitable for addressing management and conservation issues.

The distribution of four species of the genus Macrourus (Gadiformes: Macrouridae) from the Southern Ocean based on samples from the toothfish longline fishery.

The known distribution of Macrourus caml is extended to the Ob and Lena Banks area, and southwest of Heard and McDonald Islands. Macrourus holotrachys was recorded from Prince Edward Islands and the Ob and Lena Banks. Macrourus carinatus specimens examined were all from Prince Edward Islands, the type locality. Macrourus whitsoni specimens examined were all from the southeast Atlantic Ocean at about 69˚S, close to the Antarctic continent (off Maud Land), consistent with a previous study which reported the species from 64-77˚S. A revised identification key is provided.

Leucoraja elaineae sp. nov., a new rough skate (Rajiformes: Rajidae) from the Western Indian Ocean.

A new species of the genus Leucoraja is described from off Kenya in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO). The new species was collected during a survey of the R/V Fridtiof Nansen. Leucoraja elaineae sp. n. is the third species in the genus found to occur in the WIO, and the only species in the genus Leucoraja known exclusively from this region. Its closest geographic congener L. wallacei, occurring from Namibia to southern Mozambique, can be separated by a combination of morphological and meristic characters including an elongated, pronounced snout (L. elaineae sp. n.) vs a short, blunt snout (L. wallacei), higher predorsal vertebral (107 vs 64-74) and pectoral fin radial counts (77 vs 61-64), a dorsal surface pattern consisting of a single ocelli at the midbase of each pectoral fin, paired small white spots, and no banding or crossbars on its tail vs numerous rosettes and whorls, no prominent ocelli at the pectoral fin bases, and 3-4 tail bands. The only other WIO Leucoraja species in the genus, L. compagnoi is known only from South Africa and has a short, blunt snout, a lower upper tooth count (38 vs 57 in L. elaineae sp. n.), a plain dorsal disc color with no markings and distinct bands on its tail. All other members of the genus occur in the North Atlantic, except one species that occurs in the eastern Central Atlantic and one in the eastern Indian Ocean.

De novo innovation allows shark parasitism and global expansion of the barnacle Anelasma squalicola.

The barnacle Anelasma squalicola is a marine epibiont found on members of the species-rich, deep-sea lantern shark family Etmopteridae (Figure 1A) but is unlike any other epibiotic thoracian barnacles [1]. While many barnacle species are associated with various marine animals including turtles and whales, with the exception of Anelasma these all retain a filter-feeding lifestyle and have a commensal relationship with their host; despite often being deeply embedded in the dermis, no other species has been reported as feeding on its host. Although Anelasma is fully equipped with cirri (thoracic appendages), these are no longer used for filter feeding [1]. Instead, Anelasma embeds a stalk with root-like structures into the flesh of the shark (Figure S1C in Supplemental Information, published with this article online) that it uses to parasitize its host. Here, we show that specimens of Anelasma sampled from all over the world show very little genetic differentiation, suggesting that this innovation coincided with a rapid worldwide expansion.

The taxonomic status of the South African straptail, Macruronus capensis Davies, 1950 (Pisces, Gadiformes, Macruronidae).

The first record of the straptail fish, genus Macruronus, from South Africa was based on a single specimen captured off the Atlantic Cape coast and described as a new species, M. capensis Davies 1950. Davies did not examine specimens of the other extant nominal species in the genus, but based his conclusions solely on references to the original descriptions of M. novaezelandiae (Hector 1870) and M. magellanicus Lönnberg 1907. We show that all of the characters used by Davies (1950) to distinguish M. capensis from its congeners are in fact shared by the other nominal species of this genus. We also present molecular evidence from a Macruronus specimen recently caught off South Africa to support the conclusion that M. capensis is a junior synonym of M. novaezelandiae.

Allergic rhinitis and the unified airway: a therapeutic dilemma.

Inflammatory diseases of the upper and lower airways act not as individual entities but more as an integrated unit-the concept of the unified airway. This article focuses on the role of allergic rhinitis (AR) in the unified airway. An overview of AR and its association with upper and lower airway diseases is provided. AR is described in terms of its epidemiology, pathophysiology, and recent options for successful treatment. The recent use of immunotherapy and its future potential as a prophylactic method for the treatment of AR and concomitant diseases within the unified airway are emphasized.