Management of foetal hyperthyroidism in a mother with autoimmune hypothyroidism: A case report.

Foetal hyperthyroidism is mediated by transplacental passage of thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAbs) and affects mothers with autoimmune (AI) thyroid disease. We report a case of a 33-year-old woman with a history of AI hypothyroidism and raised TSI after 2 stillbirths with suspect foetal hyperthyroidism. At 20.5 gestational weeks (GW) of her third pregnancy, foetal tachycardia and goitre were detected. TSI levels were 30.9mUI/mL. Methimazole (MMI) was started and adjusted based on ultrasound signs (foetal heart rate and thyroid gland vascularisation). The neonate was born at 35GW and cord blood revealed decreased TSH and normal free T4. MMI was started in the neonate at 2 days of life due to the appearance of asymptomatic hyperthyroidism. This case illustrates a rare recurrence of foetal hyperthyroidism in a mother with AI hypothyroidism. Pregestational thyroidectomy, TSAbs determination, early ultrasound diagnosis and foetal therapy helped us to improve obstetric outcomes.

The influence of obesity and diet quality on fetal growth and perinatal outcome / Influencia de la obesidad y la calidad de la dieta en el crecimiento fetal y resultados perinatales

Background: maternal obesity is associated with an increase of both maternal and fetal complications as macrosomia.Aim:to assess the quality of diet in a cohort of pregnant women in terms of Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence and to examine the association between diet quality, obesity, weight gain and fetal growth and perinatal complications. Methods: Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) was applied to assess diet quality in 542 pregnant women. Fetal biometric measurements at third-trimester ultrasound were collected and perinatal outcomes were recorded. Results: only 35 % of pregnant women presented a good quality of diet, in terms of adherence to MD. Diet quality significantly increased with lower values of body mass index (BMI) and higher maternal age. Higher BMI was significantly associated with a higher abdominal circumference and estimated fetal weight at the third trimester, a higher risk of hypertension disorder, induction of labor and a higher birthweight. A statistically significant association between diet quality and ultranosographic measures or perinatal outcome was not found. However, a higher weight gain across gestation was significantly associated with a higher risk of gestational diabetes, a higher gestational age at delivery and a higher birthweight. Conclusion: most of our pregnant women did not showed a great diet quality, but there was no evidence that diet quality affected pregnancy complications. On the contrary, pre-pregnancy BMI was related to fetal and neonatal growth and obstetric outcomes, similarly to weight gain across gestation. (AU)

Introducción: la obesidad materna se asocia con un aumento de complicaciones maternas y fetales, como la macrosomía.Objetivo:evaluar la calidad de la dieta en una cohorte de mujeres embarazadas en términos de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (DM) y examinar la asociación entre la calidad de la dieta, la obesidad, el aumento de peso y el crecimiento fetal y las complicaciones perinatales. Métodos: se aplicó el Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) para evaluar la calidad de la dieta en 542 mujeres embarazadas. Se recogieron las medidas biométricas fetales en la ecografía del tercer trimestre y se registraron los resultados perinatales. Resultados: solo el 35 % de las gestantes presentó una buena calidad de alimentación en términos de adherencia a la DM. La calidad de la dieta aumentó significativamente con valores más bajos de índice de masa corporal (IMC) y mayor edad materna. Un IMC más alto se asoció significativamente con una mayor circunferencia abdominal y peso fetal estimado en el tercer trimestre, un mayor riesgo de trastorno hipertensivo, inducción del parto y mayor peso al nacer. No se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la calidad de la dieta y las medidas ecográficas o el resultado perinatal. Sin embargo, un mayor aumento de peso durante la gestación se asoció significativamente con un mayor riesgo de diabetes gestacional, mayor edad gestacional al momento del parto y mayor peso al nacer. Conclusiones: la mayoría de nuestras gestantes no mostró una buena calidad de la dieta, pero no hubo evidencia de que la calidad de la dieta afectara las complicaciones del embarazo. Por el contrario, el IMC pregestacional se relacionó con el crecimiento fetal y neonatal y los resultados obstétricos, de manera similar al aumento de peso durante la gestación. (AU)

The influence of obesity and diet quality on fetal growth and perinatal outcome.

Introduction: .Background: maternal obesity is associated with an increase of both maternal and fetal complications as macrosomia. Aim: to assess the quality of diet in a cohort of pregnant women in terms of Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence and to examine the association between diet quality, obesity, weight gain and fetal growth and perinatal complications. Methods: Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) was applied to assess diet quality in 542 pregnant women. Fetal biometric measurements at third-trimester ultrasound were collected and perinatal outcomes were recorded. Results: only 35 % of pregnant women presented a good quality of diet, in terms of adherence to MD. Diet quality significantly increased with lower values of body mass index (BMI) and higher maternal age. Higher BMI was significantly associated with a higher abdominal circumference and estimated fetal weight at the third trimester, a higher risk of hypertension disorder, induction of labor and a higher birthweight. A statistically significant association between diet quality and ultranosographic measures or perinatal outcome was not found. However, a higher weight gain across gestation was significantly associated with a higher risk of gestational diabetes, a higher gestational age at delivery and a higher birthweight. Conclusion: most of our pregnant women did not showed a great diet quality, but there was no evidence that diet quality affected pregnancy complications. On the contrary, pre-pregnancy BMI was related to fetal and neonatal growth and obstetric outcomes, similarly to weight gain across gestation.

Introducción: Introducción: la obesidad materna se asocia con un aumento de complicaciones maternas y fetales, como la macrosomía. Objetivo: evaluar la calidad de la dieta en una cohorte de mujeres embarazadas en términos de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (DM) y examinar la asociación entre la calidad de la dieta, la obesidad, el aumento de peso y el crecimiento fetal y las complicaciones perinatales. Métodos: se aplicó el Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) para evaluar la calidad de la dieta en 542 mujeres embarazadas. Se recogieron las medidas biométricas fetales en la ecografía del tercer trimestre y se registraron los resultados perinatales. Resultados: solo el 35 % de las gestantes presentó una buena calidad de alimentación en términos de adherencia a la DM. La calidad de la dieta aumentó significativamente con valores más bajos de índice de masa corporal (IMC) y mayor edad materna. Un IMC más alto se asoció significativamente con una mayor circunferencia abdominal y peso fetal estimado en el tercer trimestre, un mayor riesgo de trastorno hipertensivo, inducción del parto y mayor peso al nacer. No se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la calidad de la dieta y las medidas ecográficas o el resultado perinatal. Sin embargo, un mayor aumento de peso durante la gestación se asoció significativamente con un mayor riesgo de diabetes gestacional, mayor edad gestacional al momento del parto y mayor peso al nacer. Conclusiones: la mayoría de nuestras gestantes no mostró una buena calidad de la dieta, pero no hubo evidencia de que la calidad de la dieta afectara las complicaciones del embarazo. Por el contrario, el IMC pregestacional se relacionó con el crecimiento fetal y neonatal y los resultados obstétricos, de manera similar al aumento de peso durante la gestación.

The association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and preterm delivery: a prospective study with a multivariable analysis.

BACKGROUND: To determine whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19 disease) exposure in pregnancy, compared to non-exposure, is associated with infection-related obstetric morbidity. METHODS: We conducted a multicentre prospective study in pregnancy based on a universal antenatal screening program for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Throughout Spain 45 hospitals tested all women at admission on delivery ward using polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) for COVID-19 since late March 2020. The cohort of positive mothers and the concurrent sample of negative mothers was followed up until 6-weeks post-partum. Multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusting for known confounding variables, determined the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of the association of SARS-CoV-2 infection and obstetric outcomes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Preterm delivery (primary), premature rupture of membranes and neonatal intensive care unit admissions. RESULTS: Among 1009 screened pregnancies, 246 were SARS-CoV-2 positive. Compared to negative mothers (763 cases), SARS-CoV-2 infection increased the odds of preterm birth (34 vs 51, 13.8% vs 6.7%, aOR 2.12, 95% CI 1.32-3.36, p = 0.002); iatrogenic preterm delivery was more frequent in infected women (4.9% vs 1.3%, p = 0.001), while the occurrence of spontaneous preterm deliveries was statistically similar (6.1% vs 4.7%). An increased risk of premature rupture of membranes at term (39 vs 75, 15.8% vs 9.8%, aOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.11-2.57, p = 0.013) and neonatal intensive care unit admissions (23 vs 18, 9.3% vs 2.4%, aOR 4.62, 95% CI 2.43-8.94, p <  0.001) was also observed in positive mothers. CONCLUSION: This prospective multicentre study demonstrated that pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 have more infection-related obstetric morbidity. This hypothesis merits evaluation of a causal association in further research.

Obstetric Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Asymptomatic Pregnant Women.

Around two percent of asymptomatic women in labor test positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Spain. Families and care providers face childbirth with uncertainty. We determined if SARS-CoV-2 infection at delivery among asymptomatic mothers had different obstetric outcomes compared to negative patients. This was a multicenter prospective study based on universal antenatal screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection. A total of 42 hospitals tested women admitted for delivery using polymerase chain reaction, from March to May 2020. We included positive mothers and a sample of negative mothers asymptomatic throughout the antenatal period, with 6-week postpartum follow-up. Association between SARS-CoV-2 and obstetric outcomes was evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analyses. In total, 174 asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 positive pregnancies were compared with 430 asymptomatic negative pregnancies. No differences were observed between both groups in key maternal and neonatal outcomes at delivery and follow-up, with the exception of prelabor rupture of membranes at term (adjusted odds ratio 1.88, 95% confidence interval 1.13-3.11; p = 0.015). Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers have higher odds of prelabor rupture of membranes at term, without an increase in perinatal complications, compared to negative mothers. Pregnant women testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 at admission for delivery should be reassured by their healthcare workers in the absence of symptoms.

Risk of miscarriage following amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling: a systematic review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this paper was to estimate the risk of miscarriage after amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) based on a systematic review of the literature. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A search of Medline, Embase, and The Cochrane Library (2000-2017) was carried out to identify studies reporting complications following CVS or amniocentesis. The inclusion criteria for the systematic review were studies reporting results from large controlled studies (N.≥1000 invasive procedures) and those reporting data for pregnancy loss prior to 24 weeks' gestation. Data for cases that had invasive procedure and controls were inputted in contingency tables and risk of miscarriage was estimated for each study. Summary statistics were calculated after taking into account the weighting for each study included in the systematic review. Procedure-related risk of miscarriage was estimated as a weighted risk difference from the summary statistics for cases and controls. EVIDENCE SNTHESIS: The electronic search from the databases yielded 2465 potential citations of which 2431 were excluded, leaving 34 studies for full-text review. The final review included 10 studies for amniocentesis and 6 studies for CVS, which were used to estimate risk of miscarriage in pregnancies that had an invasive procedure and the control pregnancies that did not. The procedure-related risk of miscarriage following amniocentesis was 0.35% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.07 to 0.63) and that following CVS was 0.35% (95% CI: -0.31 to 1.00). CONCLUSIONS: The procedure-related risks of miscarriage following amniocentesis and CVS are lower than currently quoted to women.

Enfermedad renal: urinoma. A propósito de un caso / Renal disease: urinoma. Apropos of a case

Objetivo. Ecografía permite diagnosticar y seguir el progreso de las uropatías obstructivas incluyendo la aparición de urinomas. Sujeto y métodos. Presentamos un caso de hidronefrosis diagnosticado en segundo trimestre con evolución posterior a urinoma. Resultados. Paciente de 21,4 semanas de gestación (SG) se realiza ecografía observándose hidronefrosis izquierda grado II. A las 27.5SG se observó una hidronefrosis izquierda con colección líquida de 40×50×30mm retroperitoneal izquierda peri-renal con distorsión de la morfología del riñón desplazado medialmente compatible con urinoma. Conclusiones. La aparición prenatal de un urinoma se asocia a afectación postnatal en diferente grado de la función del riñón afectado (AU)

Objective. Fetal ultrasound enables us to diagnose and follow the progress of obstructive uropathies including the occurrence of fetal urinomas. Subject and methods. We report a case of hydronephrosis diagnosed in the second trimester with evolution urinoma. Results. Patient at 21.4 weeks’ gestation showed in fetal ultrasound a left hydronephrosis grade II. At 27.5w showed a left hydronephrosis with a retroperitoneal fluid collection perirenal 40×50×30mm and distortion of the kidney morphology compatible with urinoma. Conclusions. the prenatal occurrence of an urinoma is often associated with the postnatal absence of function of the involved kidney (AU)