A cost comparison of oral tegafur plus uracil/folinic acid and parenteral fluorouracil for colorectal cancer in Canada.

BACKGROUND: Two randomised, controlled trials (n = 1396) comparing (i) intravenous fluorouracil (FU) plus oral folinic acid (leucovorin) and (ii) oral tegafur plus uracil (UFT) plus folinic acid for the treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma found both regimens to have equivalent efficacy in terms of survival, tumour response and time to disease progression. The UFT/folinic acid regimen was associated with a better toxicity profile than FU/folinic acid. OBJECTIVE: To determine the comparative frequencies and costs of healthcare resources utilised in the treatment of patients with these two regimens from a hospital and government perspective. DESIGN: A cost-minimisation analysis of a subgroup of patients from the trials (n = 154) was conducted. Costs considered included those for hospital admissions, outpatient clinics, laboratories, imaging modalities, other diagnostic procedures, physician resources, other health professionals, other procedures such as surgery and transfusion, and concomitant medications. The cost of study medications was not included in the analysis. The endpoint was a total average cost per patient per treatment and per cycle. RESULTS: Patients on the oral UFT regimen had fewer outpatient clinic visits and used fewer laboratory resources than patients treated with FU. However, those on the oral regimen had more days of hospitalisation than the patients treated with the intravenous regimen. Patients treated with UFT used 21% less concomitant medication; however, in both groups these medications accounted for a similar percentage compared with the total costs of the treatment. Physicians' fees were similar for both groups but patients treated with UFT were seen more often by an attending physician. Patients on the UFT regimen visited outpatient oncology clinics less often and this was reflected by a maximum 826 Canadian dollars (Canadian dollars; 1996 values) total cost savings per patient per cycle and 3221 Canadian dollars per patient per treatment. An efficiency analysis showed that the use of the UFT/folinic acid regimen saved 4.5 hours per patient per month in the chemotherapy treatment unit compared with the FU regimen. CONCLUSIONS: In regard to the two therapeutic approaches, the cost of treatment per patient and per cycle using oral UFT/folinic acid was less than that using intravenous FU/folinic acid.

Patient characteristics and costs of severe sepsis and septic shock in Quebec.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the cost of health care resources for the treatment of severe sepsis and/or septic shock patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred retrospective chart abstractions from patients with severe sepsis or septic shock were included. The average cost, per episode, through day 28, as well as an analysis of a patient subset through 1 year was calculated. Mean values for all abstracted patient's costs and outcomes, as well as analyses of the survivor and nonsurvivor populations, were undertaken. Data from the Canadian Institute for Health Information and recent published literature were used to estimate the number of severe sepsis cases, and the resulting burden of illness for Quebec. RESULTS: The mean cost for all patients abstracted was $11,474 per episode of care ($1,064/day). The survivors had a mean cost for their treatment of $16,228 per episode of care ($877/day). The total cost per episode was $7,584 per nonsurvivor ($1,724/day). An average cost of $27,481 for survivors after day 28 through 1 year was calculated. The burden of severe sepsis was estimated to be $36.4 to $72.9 million per year, but higher if costs beyond day 28 are included. CONCLUSIONS: The cost of severe sepsis is a significant burden to the Quebec health care system.