ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Maternal obesity alters the immune function in the offspring. We hypothesize that maternal obesity and pro-inflammatory pathways induce leptin-related genes in neonatal monocytes, whereby high leptin levels enhance their inflammatory response. METHODS: Transcriptional profiles of cord blood leukocytes (CBL) in basal and pro-inflammatory conditions were studied to determine differentially expressed genes (DEG). The DNA methylation profile of CB monocytes (CBM) of neonates born to control BMI mothers and women with obesity was assayed to identify differentially methylated probes (DMP). CBM-derived macrophages were cultured with or without leptin (10-100 ng/ml) and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/ml) and interferon-gamma (20 ng/ml) to assess the induction of TNF-α and IL-10 transcripts. RESULTS: CBL from pregnancies with obesity (CBL-Ob) showed 12,183 DEG, affecting 49 out of 78 from the leptin pathway. Control CBM exposed to LPS showed 45 leptin-related DEG, an effect prevented by the co-exposure to LPS and IL-10. Conversely, CBM-Ob showed 5279 DMP enriched in insulin- and leptin-related genes, and Lasso regression of leptin-related DMP showed high predictive value for plasma leptin levels (r2 = 0.9897) and maternal BMI categories (AUC = 1). Chronic exposure to leptin increased TNF-α and decreased IL-10 levels in control BMI samples but not in Ob-CBM. Enhanced TNF-α induction after proinflammatory stimulation was observed in leptin-treated control BMI samples. DISCUSSION: Obesity in pregnancy is associated with a distinctive expression and DNA methylation profile of leptin-related genes in cord blood monocytes, meanwhile, leptin enhances the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon stimulation with M1-skewing agents.
ABSTRACT
El interés creciente por conciliar una terminología anatómica común hace imperativo llegar a establecer un lenguaje universal a lo largo del tiempo y focalizar este objetivo en un trabajo sistemático, que permita definir y denominar adecuadamente las estructuras que conforman el cuerpo humano (Álvarez Guisbert & Campohermoso Rodríguez, 2007). En las ciencias morfológicas, la TAI establece que los términos para nombrar las estructuras anatómicas, ocupan como idioma oficial el latín y términos comunes del idioma español derivados de una raíz latina. En este trabajo se hace notar que una serie de estructuras anatómicas que en español han sido asignadas con el nombre tabique, no se corresponden etimológicamente con la raíz latina de la palabra con que originalmente fueron nombradas: Septum. Evidenciamos que la palabra Septum se traduce al español literalmente como septo, mientras que, el vocablo tabique proviene de una raíz de origen árabe tasbík; y, por tanto, no es un término que cumpla con los lineamientos de la TAI. Aquí damos cuenta, de acuerdo a un análisis etimológico e histórico de ambas palabras, que estas se hicieron sinónimos a lo largo del tiempo en el idioma español. Aun así, respetando la TAI, el término tabique no es apropiado puesto que su raíz lingüística es árabe; y, por tanto, sugerimos cambiar la traducción de Septum por septo en las estructuras anatómicas de las que da cuenta esta investigación.
The growing interest in reconciling a common anatomical terminology makes it imperative to establish a universal language over time, and focus this objective on a systematic work, which allows to properly define and name the structures that make up the human body (Álvarez Guisbert & Campohermoso Rodríguez, 2007). In the morphological sciences, the TAI establishes that the terms to name anatomical structures, use Latin and common terms of the Spanish language derived from a Latin root as the official language. In this work it is noted that a series of anatomical structures that in Spanish have been assigned with the name «tabique¼, do not correspond etymologically with the Latin root of the word with which they were originally named: Septum. We show that the word Septum is translated into Spanish literally as a septum, while the word «tabique¼ comes from a root of Arabic origin tasbík; and, therefore, it is not a term that complies with the TAI guidelines. Here we realize, according to an etymological and historical analysis of both words, that these became synonyms over time in the Spanish language. Even so, respecting TAI, the term «tabique¼ is not appropriate since its linguistic root is Arabic; and, therefore, we suggest changing the translation of Septum by «septo¼ into the anatomical structures reported in this research.
