Self-Biased Magneto-Electric Antenna for Very-Low-Frequency Communications: Exploiting Magnetization Grading and Asymmetric Structure-Induced Resonance.

VLF magneto-electric (ME) antennas have gained attention for their compact size and high radiation efficiency in lossy conductive environments. However, the need for a large DC magnetic field bias presents challenges for miniaturization, limiting portability. This study introduces a self-biased ME antenna with an asymmetric design using two magneto materials, inducing a magnetization grading effect that reduces the resonant frequency during bending. Operating principles are explored, and performance parameters, including the radiation mechanism, intensity and driving power, are experimentally assessed. Leveraging its excellent direct and converse magneto-electric effect, the antenna proves adept at serving as both a transmitter and a receiver. The results indicate that, at 2.09 mW and a frequency of 24.47 kHz, the antenna has the potential to achieve a 2.44 pT magnetic flux density at a 3 m distance. A custom modulation-demodulation circuit is employed, applying 2ASK and 2PSK to validate communication capability at baseband signals of 10 Hz and 100 Hz. This approach offers a practical strategy for the lightweight and compact design of VLF communication systems.

Evaluation of a Low-Intensity Online Intervention (LiON) for Reducing Distress and Mental Health Symptoms in Young People.

PURPOSE: Enhancing young people's mental health is crucial given that most adult mental disorders develop before age 24 years. However, it is unclear whether low-intensity interventions delivered online can be effective. This study aimed to provide preliminary evidence on whether a low-intensity online intervention (LiON) can effectively lower young people's distress levels and mental health symptoms. METHODS: We compared the preintervention and postintervention changes in distress level and severity of depression and anxiety symptoms in 137 young people aged 15-24 years who used the LiON service with the three-month changes in a 1:1 propensity score-matched control group of community young people who did not use the service. They participated in one of the following modules for the first time: (1) sleep and relaxation, (2) stress-coping, and (3) problem-solving. RESULTS: Participants who received LiON intervention (mean age 22.88 [standard deviation 3.67] years, 65.7% female) showed significantly greater reductions in distress level (Cohen's f2: 0.079), as well as the severity of depressive symptoms (Cohen's f2: 0.056) and anxiety symptoms (Cohen's f2: 0.044) compared to the control group. DISCUSSION: The findings suggest that the LiON intervention has the potential to effectively reduce distress and mental health symptoms in young people. Future research should aim to confirm these findings through randomized controlled trials and explore the cost-effectiveness of the intervention.

Moment-to-moment affective dynamics in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: Affective disturbances in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder may represent a transdiagnostic etiological process as well as a target of intervention. Hypotheses on similarities and differences in various parameters of affective dynamics (intensity, successive/acute changes, variability, and reactivity to stress) between the two disorders were tested. METHODS: Experience sampling method was used to assess dynamics of positive and negative affect, 10 times a day over 6 consecutive days. Patients with schizophrenia (n = 46) and patients with bipolar disorder (n = 46) were compared against age-matched healthy controls (n = 46). RESULTS: Compared to controls, the schizophrenia group had significantly more intense momentary negative affect, a lower likelihood of acute changes in positive affect, and reduced within-person variability of positive affect. The bipolar disorder group was not significantly different from either the schizophrenia group or the healthy control group on any affect indexes. Within the schizophrenia group, level of depression was associated with weaker reactivity to stress for negative affect. Within the bipolar disorder group, level of depression was associated with lower positive affect. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with schizophrenia endured a more stable and negative affective state than healthy individuals, and were less likely to be uplifted in response to happenings in daily life. There is little evidence that these affective constructs characterize the psychopathology of bipolar disorder; such investigation may have been limited by the heterogeneity within group. Our findings supported the clinical importance of assessing multiple facets of affective dynamics beyond the mean levels of intensity.

Phase Stability and Dual-Mode Photoluminescence Modulation in Er-Doped Lead Zirconate Titanate Antiferroelectrics.

The electric-field-modulation (E-modulation) of photoluminescence (PL) properties in bulk ceramics has attracted tremendous interest due to its potential application in optical data storage and communication devices. One promising approach of reversibly and largely modulating the PL intensity has been proposed in rare-earth Er3+-doped Pb0.96La0.04Zr0.9Ti0.1O3 (PLZT) antiferroelectrics (AFEs) based on the unique E-dependent antiferroelectric-ferroelectric (AFE-FE) phase transition. However, the AFE phase stability of PLZT doped with various Er contents and their E-modulated PL properties have not been systematically investigated. In this paper, the intrinsic AFE phase of PLZT-Er is found to be stabilized in the high-temperature and high-E regions with increasing Er3+ content. The enhanced AFE nature caused by increasing Er doping leads to a larger E-dependent PL tunability (∼35%). Moreover, the ceramics exhibit the characteristics of both upconversion and downconversion PL (UCPL and DCPL) effects. Based on the excellent E-dependent dual-mode PL tunability, an optoelectronic device named the optical latch is demonstrated, where an electric signal can be used to trigger a notable intensity change in both the UCPL and DCPL modes. This reversible E-dependent dual-mode capability in PLZT-Er sheds light on a feasible approach to optoelectronic applications.

Enhanced Electromechanical Response in PVDF-BNBT Composite Nanofibers for Flexible Sensor Applications.

Wearable energy harvesters and sensors have recently attracted significant attention with the rapid development of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT). Compared to high-output bulk materials, these wearable devices are mainly fabricated by thin-film-based materials that limit their application. Therefore, the enhancement of output voltage and power for these devices has recently become an urgent topic. In this paper, the lead-free bismuth titanate-barium titanate (0.93(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3-0.07BaTiO3(BNBT)) nanoparticles and nanofibers were embedded into the PVDF nanofibers. They produced high inorganic electrical voltage coefficients, high electromechanical coupling coefficients, and environmentally friendly properties that enhance the electromechanical performance of pure PVDF nanofibers, and they are all the critical requirements for modern flexible pressure sensors. In detail, PVDF and PVDF-based composites nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning, and different flexible sandwich composite devices were fabricated by the PDMS encapsulation method. As a result, the six-time enhancement maximum output voltage was obtained in a PVDF-BNBT (fiber)-based composite sensor compared to the pure PVDF one. Our results indicate that the output voltage of the pressure sensors has been significantly enhanced, and the development gate is enabled by analyzing the related physical process and influence mechanism.

Floquet wave theory-based time-corrected ultrasonic total focusing method for fiber-reinforced composite laminate.

Fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) are increasingly used in thick primary load-bearing structures. Nevertheless, manufacturing and in-service defects occur with a higher chance as the FRP thickness increases and thus the potential structure defects should be detected and evaluated. To image defects in thick FRP over 10 mm thick, this study proposes a frequency-and-structure dependent time-corrected ultrasonic total focusing method (FS-TFM) based on Floquet wave theory, which differs from conventional TFM that the wave velocity correction along different propagation direction bases on not only the structural anisotropy and inhomogeneity of FRP, but also on the probing frequency. First an analytical Floquet-wave-based dynamic homogenization for a crossply FRP laminate is performed, to obtain the homogenization region and then the wave anisotropy and dispersion therein. Then numerical finite element analysis follows, to further interrogate the time domain feature of wave signals. With the understanding of wave propagation, by accurately correcting the wave velocity anisotropy related to both the inspected crossply FPR and wave frequency, the FS-TFM imaging technique is proposed to focus the defect-scattered wave energy on the defect location. In addition, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) analysis of side-drilled-hole (Ø2 mm) imaging via different imaging algorithms shows that the proposed FS-TFM achieves the highest SNR at the frequency approaching the upper limit of the homogenization region. Finally, the experimental validation further indicates the potential of the proposed FS-TFM for accurate defect imaging in thick FRP.

Estimation of the Intrinsic Power Efficiency in Magnetoelectric Laminates Using Temperature Measurements.

Magnetoelectric (ME) power efficiency is a more important property than the ME voltage or the current coefficients for power conversion applications. This paper introduces an analytical model that describes the relation between the external magnetic field and the power efficiency in layered ME composites. It is a two-phase model. The first fragment establishes the expression between the magnetic field strength and the temperature increase within an operating period. It uses a magneto-elasto-electric equivalent circuit model that was developed by Dong et al. Following previous investigations; the main loss source is the mechanical power dissipation. The second fragment links the power efficiency and the temperature increase in a heat-balanced system. This method is generally used by researchers in the piezoelectric field. The analytical model and the experimental data shows that the decrease of the power efficiency in a laminated composite is between 5% and 10% for a power density of 10 W/in3 (0.61 W/cm3) to 30 W/in3 (1.83 W/cm3). The failure mechanism/process of ME composites under high power density can be estimated/monitored by the proposed method for ME composites in practical applications.

A Low Frequency Mechanical Transmitter Based on Magnetoelectric Heterostructures Operated at Their Resonance Frequency.

Magneto-elasto-electric (ME) coupling heterostructures, consisting of piezoelectric layers bonded to magnetostrictive ones, provide for a new class of electromagnetic emitter materials on which a portable (area ~ 16 cm²) very low frequency (VLF) transmitter technology could be developed. The proposed ME transmitter functions as follows: (a) a piezoelectric layer is first driven by alternating current AC electric voltage at its electromechanical resonance (EMR) frequency, (b) subsequently, this EMR excites the magnetostrictive layers, giving rise to magnetization change, (c) in turn, the magnetization oscillations result in oscillating magnetic fields. By Maxwell's equations, a corresponding electric field, is also generated, leading to electromagnetic field propagation. Our hybrid piezoelectric-magnetostrictive transformer can take an input electric voltage that may include modulation-signal over a carrier frequency and transmit via oscillating magnetic field or flux change. The prototype measurements reveal a magnetic dipole like near field, demonstrating its transmission capabilities. Furthermore, the developed prototype showed a 104 times higher efficiency over a small-circular loop of the same area, exhibiting its superiority over the class of traditional small antennas.

Magnetoelectricity of CoFe2O4 and tetragonal phase BiFeO3 nanocomposites prepared by pulsed laser deposition.

The coupling between the tetragonal phase (T-phase) of BiFeO3 (BFO) and CoFe2O4 (CFO) in magnetoelectric heterostructures has been studied. Bilayers of CFO and BFO were deposited on (001) LaAlO3 single crystal substrates by pulsed laser deposition. After 30 min of annealing, the CFO top layer exhibited a T-phase-like structure, developing a platform-like morphology with BFO. Magnetic hysteresis loops exhibited a strong thickness effect of the CFO layer on the coercive field, in particular along the out-of-plane direction. Magnetic force microscopy images revealed that the T-phase CFO platform contained multiple magnetic domains, which could be tuned by applying a tip bias. A combination of shape, strain, and exchange coupling effects are used to explain the observations.

Nanopillars with E-field accessible multi-state (N ≥ 4) magnetization having giant magnetization changes in self-assembled BiFeO3-CoFe2O4/Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)-38at%PbTiO3 heterostructures.

We have deposited self-assembled BiFeO3-CoFe2O4 (BFO-CFO) thin films on (100)-oriented SrRuO3-buffered Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.62Ti0.38O3 (PMN-38PT) single crystal substrates. These heterostructures were used for the study of real-time changes in the magnetization with applied DC electric field (E DC ). With increasing E DC , a giant magnetization change was observed along the out-of-plane (easy) axis. The induced magnetization changes of the CFO nanopillars in the BFO/CFO layer were about ΔM/M rDC = 93% at E DC = -3 kv/cm. A giant converse magnetoelectric (CME) coefficient of 1.3 × 10-7 s/m was estimated from the data. By changing E DC , we found multiple(N ≥ 4) unique possible values of a stable magnetization with memory on the removal of the field.

Airfoil-based electromagnetic energy harvester containing parallel array motion between moving coil and multi-pole magnets towards enhanced power density.

In this letter, the airfoil-based electromagnetic energy harvester containing parallel array motion between moving coil and trajectory matching multi-pole magnets was investigated. The magnets were aligned in an alternatively magnetized formation of 6 magnets to explore enhanced power density. In particular, the magnet array was positioned in parallel to the trajectory of the tip coil within its tip deflection span. The finite element simulations of the magnetic flux density and induced voltages at an open circuit condition were studied to find the maximum number of alternatively magnetized magnets that was required for the proposed energy harvester. Experimental results showed that the energy harvester with a pair of 6 alternatively magnetized linear magnet arrays was able to generate an induced voltage (Vo) of 20 V, with an open circuit condition, and 475 mW, under a 30 Ω optimal resistance load operating with the wind speed (U) at 7 m/s and a natural bending frequency of 3.54 Hz. Compared to the traditional electromagnetic energy harvester with a single magnet moving through a coil, the proposed energy harvester, containing multi-pole magnets and parallel array motion, enables the moving coil to accumulate a stronger magnetic flux in each period of the swinging motion. In addition to the comparison made with the airfoil-based piezoelectric energy harvester of the same size, our proposed electromagnetic energy harvester generates 11 times more power output, which is more suitable for high-power-density energy harvesting applications at regions with low environmental frequency.

Self-vibration cancellation of a novel bi-directional magnetized NdFeB/magnetostrictive/piezoelectric laminate.

A novel magnetoelectric (ME) laminated composite structure is proposed in this work, aiming to provide a good self-vibration cancellation performance under the magnetic field detection environment. The proposed structure consists of two Terfenol-D magnetostrictive alloy plates which are revised and length-magnetized by two NdFeB magnets bonded on the top surface of a thickness-polarized Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 (PZT) ceramic plate with separate electrodes. Experiments have shown that great vibration suppression up to 44 dB under harmonic disturbance was observed. The ME coefficient of the proposed structure also reaches up to ∼29 mV/Oe at non-resonance frequency and 758 mV/Oe at resonance frequency of 79 kHz which is ∼2 times larger than the traditional L-T Terfenol-D/PZT bilayer configuration of the same scale. Such performance improvement is achieved based on the bi-directional magnetic field bias (HBias) of two NdFeB magnets in magnetostrictive layer, internal in-series electrical wire connection in piezoelectric layer. The proposed design has great potential to be used for industrial applications associated with heavy environmental vibration noise.

Examining gender difference in adult-onset psychosis in Hong Kong.

AIM: Gender-specific treatment strategies for psychosis have been suggested in recent years. Data on gender difference were largely consistent regarding premorbid functioning, age of onset and negative symptoms; however, results regarding neurocognitive function and duration of untreated psychosis were mixed and inconclusive. In this study, we aimed at a thorough examination on the gender differences in 360 Chinese patients with first-episode psychosis in Hong Kong. METHODS: From June 2009 to August 2011, participants were consecutively recruited from a population-based territory-wide study of early psychosis targeting first-episode psychosis in Hong Kong. Comprehensive data on basic demographics, premorbid functioning and schizoid and schizotypal traits, clinical, functioning, medication side effects and a battery of neurocognitive measures were collected upon entry into the service. RESULTS: In 360 patients with first-episode psychosis aged between 26 and 55 years, 43.6% (n = 157) were male and 56.4% (n = 203) were female. Males had poorer premorbid functioning and adjustment, earlier age of onset, more negative symptoms and poorer functioning in terms of work productivity, independent living and immediate social network relationships at presentation of first-episode psychosis. Interestingly, our data indicate that males tend to be more educated, and also characterized by higher IQ, better neurocognitive performance on visual domain compared with females. Duration of untreated psychosis was not different between the two genders. CONCLUSION: Data from this homogeneous cohort of Chinese populations enabled tailored and culturally sensitive recommendation on gender-specific treatment strategies, hence improving patients' care and facilitate better diagnostic and interventional decisions for patients with psychosis.

Electric field-induced giant strain and photoluminescence-enhancement effect in rare-earth modified lead-free piezoelectric ceramics.

In this work, an electric field-induced giant strain response and excellent photoluminescence-enhancement effect was obtained in a rare-earth ion modified lead-free piezoelectric system. Pr(3+)-modified 0.93(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-0.07BaTiO3 ceramics were designed and fabricated by a conventional fabrication process. The ferroelectric, dielectric, piezoelectric, and photoluminescence performances were systematically studied, and a schematic phase diagram was constructed. It was found the Pr(3+) substitution induced a transition from ferroelectric a long-range order structure to a relaxor pseudocubic phase with short-range coherence structure. Around a critical composition of 0.8 mol % Pr(3+), a giant reversible strain of ∼0.43% with a normalized strain Smax/Emax of up to 770 pm/V was obtained at ∼5 kV/mm. Furthermore, the in situ electric field enhanced the photoluminescence intensity by ∼40% in the proposed system. These findings have great potential for actuator and multifunctional device applications, which may also open up a range of new applications.

Clinical and social correlates of duration of untreated psychosis among adult-onset psychosis in Hong Kong Chinese: the JCEP study.

AIM: Understanding factors that contribute to treatment delay would inform early detection and intervention strategies in psychotic disorders. However, existing data were mixed and primarily conducted among early-onset young patients. We examined duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and its clinical and sociodemographic correlates in a large cohort of adult-onset patients with psychosis. METHODS: A total of 360 patients with first-onset psychosis aged 26-55 years were recruited consecutively as part of a controlled study of an early psychosis intervention service in Hong Kong Chinese. Demographic, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics relating to DUP were assessed within 4 months of onset. RESULTS: The population had a mean onset age of 36.6 years (SD = 8.7). The mean and median DUP were 515 days (SD = 1091) and 93 days (inter-quartile range from 20 to 382.3), respectively. Multivariate regression analysis suggested that insidious mode of onset, hospitalization, a diagnosis of schizophrenia, poorer insight and younger age at onset significantly prolonged DUP. DUP was not related to premorbid functioning, family involvement during help seeking and living alone. CONCLUSIONS: The initial period of untreated psychosis is determined by multiple factors. Whether family involvement is considered a kind of social support in shortening or prolonging DUP needs further examination. Local early intervention program for psychosis should take reference from these findings when formulating personalized plans to reduce delay.

Comparing illness presentation, treatment and functioning between patients with adolescent- and adult-onset psychosis.

Studies have shown that early- and adult-onset schizophrenia patients differ in pre-morbid traits, illness presentation, psychopathology, and prognosis. We aimed to compare adult-onset patients (age range 26-55 years) with an adolescent-onset cohort (15-25 years) in demographics, illness presentation and functioning at baseline. Participants were from two territory-wide early intervention services for adolescent-onset (n=671) and adult-onset psychosis patients (n=360) in Hong Kong. The adolescent-onset cohort had their initial psychotic episode from 2001-2003; retrospective data collection was done through systematic case note review. The adult-onset cohort was recruited for a larger interventional study from 2009-2011; information was collected via face-to-face interviews. Adult-onset psychosis was significantly associated with more females, more smokers, more non-local birth, more full-time employment, better functioning, poorer medication adherence, more psychiatric hospitalization and fewer with schizophrenia than adolescent-onset psychosis (mean age: 20.4). The effect sizes were small, except for medication adherence where a robust effect was found. No group difference in DUP was found. The finding that adult-onset patients had better functioning challenges the view that adolescent- and adult-onset psychoses share a similar prognostic trajectory. Implications for adapting intervention processes for adolescent- and adult-onset psychosis are discussed.

Impaired facilitation of self-control cognition by glucose in patients with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: Studies in healthy individuals show that exerting self-control consumes cognitive resources, which reduces subsequent self-control performance. Restoring the availability of blood glucose eliminates this impairment. Patients with schizophrenia are found to have self-regulatory dysfunctions. This study aims to investigate whether patient's (a) glucose facilitation effects will be impaired, and (b) will have exaggerated depletion in a self-control task. METHOD: 40 patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and 40 normal controls were recruited. A two drinks (glucose vs. placebo)×two depleting phases (self-control depleted vs. non-depleted) between-groups design was used. We examined the blood glucose levels before and after the selfcontrol depletion phase and the subsequent performances in two self-control tasks (handgrip and Stroop tests) after the drink condition. RESULTS: The four groups (depleting×glucose, depleting×placebo, non-depleting×glucose and nondepleting×placebo) of both patients and normal controls were comparable on a number of characteristics. The change in blood glucose level in the depleting group was significantly different from those in the non-depleting group. Two×two between-subjects ANOVAs were carried out to test the performances in the handgrip and Stroop tasks. Significant interactions were found in healthy controls regarding both tasks. However, a significant interaction was only found in patients regarding the handgrip task but not the Stroop task. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated an abnormal glucose facilitation effect in patients during a cognitive self-control task but not during a physical self-control task. The findings also suggested for the first time that a self-control depletion effect is intact in patients with schizophrenia.

Coupling physical exercise with dietary glucose supplement for treating cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: a theoretical model and future directions.

AIMS: Metabolic dysregulation may disrupt the complex neuroprotective mechanisms essential for brain health. Recent studies have pointed out the possible aetiological role of metabolic dysregulation in the onset of schizophrenia and the associated cognitive impairment. In this paper, we aimed to generate a theoretical model of how a combination of physical exercise and dietary glucose supplement may help to alleviate cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. METHODS: Literature on metabolic dysregulation, especially insulin resistance, in relation to the onset of schizophrenia and the associated cognitive impairment is reviewed. The cognitive enhancement effects of physical exercise and dietary glucose supplement are then summarised. Finally, we propose a theoretical model based on the concerted effects of physical exercise and glucose supplement. RESULTS: In general, the joint action of physical exercise and dietary glucose supplement could up-regulate glucose and insulin transport into the brain, as well as augmenting the release of insulin growth factor-1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Physical exercise and glucose supplement could enhance energy supply and neuroplasticity in brain, subsequently leading to potential cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia. However, glucose supplement is not suitable for patients with abnormal metabolic profile. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of physical exercise and glucose supplement has potential therapeutic values in treating cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Further research is necessary to investigate the optimal patterns of exercise and doses of glucose for treating cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.

Chronic inhibition, self-control and eating behavior: test of a 'resource depletion' model.

The current research tested the hypothesis that individuals engaged in long-term efforts to limit food intake (e.g., individuals with high eating restraint) would have reduced capacity to regulate eating when self-control resources are limited. In the current research, body mass index (BMI) was used as a proxy for eating restraint based on the assumption that individuals with high BMI would have elevated levels of chronic eating restraint. A preliminary study (Study 1) aimed to provide evidence for the assumed relationship between eating restraint and BMI. Participants (N = 72) categorized into high or normal-range BMI groups completed the eating restraint scale. Consistent with the hypothesis, results revealed significantly higher scores on the weight fluctuation and concern for dieting subscales of the restraint scale among participants in the high BMI group compared to the normal-range BMI group. The main study (Study 2) aimed to test the hypothesized interactive effect of BMI and diminished self-control resources on eating behavior. Participants (N = 83) classified as having high or normal-range BMI were randomly allocated to receive a challenging counting task that depleted self-control resources (ego-depletion condition) or a non-depleting control task (no depletion condition). Participants then engaged in a second task in which required tasting and rating tempting cookies and candies. Amount of food consumed during the taste-and-rate task constituted the behavioral dependent measure. Regression analyses revealed a significant interaction effect of these variables on amount of food eaten in the taste-and-rate task. Individuals with high BMI had reduced capacity to regulate eating under conditions of self-control resource depletion as predicted. The interactive effects of BMI and self-control resource depletion on eating behavior were independent of trait self-control. Results extend knowledge of the role of self-control in regulating eating behavior and provide support for a limited-resource model of self-control.

Cue-induced smoking urges deplete cigarette smokers' self-control resources.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to smoking-related cues leads to increased urge to smoke in regular cigarette smokers and resisting these urges requires considerable self-control. PURPOSE: Adopting a resource depletion model, two studies tested the hypothesis that resisting smoking urges depletes self-control resources. METHODS: Adopting a within-participants randomized cross-over design, participants (study 1, N = 19; study 2, N = 32) were exposed to smoking-related (study 1: smoking images; study 2: cigarette cue-exposure task) and neutral (study 1: neutral images; study 2: drinking-straw task) cues with presentation order randomized. After each cue set, participants completed self-control tasks (study 1: handgrip task; study 2: handgrip and Stroop tasks), performance on which constituted dependent measures of self-control. RESULTS: Self-control task performance was significantly impaired when exposed to smoking-related cues compared to neutral cues. No significant presentation-order effects, or interaction effects between stimulus and presentation order, were found. CONCLUSIONS: Findings corroborate our hypothesis that resisting smoking urges depletes cigarette smokers' self-control resources and suggests that self-control capacity is governed by a limited resource.