ABSTRACT
Objective: Patients with breast cancer who have indeterminate extra-mammary lesions, for example in lung, liver or bone, without other metastatic lesions pose a clinical dilemma regarding subsequent management. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, characteristics and outcomes of such lesions detected on initial staging imaging, and address the clinical significance of these incidental findings. Materials and Methods: Medical records of patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer who underwent computed tomography scans and bone scintigraphy between January 1, 2015 and June 30, 2021 were reviewed. Patients with indeterminate extra-mammary lesions on imaging were included. Patients with obvious metastatic disease were excluded. Lesion characteristics, breast cancer staging, duration of follow-up and natural history of disease progression were analysed. Results: The study included 52 patients with indeterminate lesions on pre-operative imaging. The median follow-up duration was 14 (range: 6-41) months. The most common site of occurrence of indeterminate lesions was the lung (60.9%) followed by the liver (26.1%). Forty-six had lesions that remained stable (88.5%), while six (11.5%) had progression to metastatic disease. Out of these six, only two (3.8%) developed metastasis in the same site as the original indeterminate lesion, whereas the remaining four developed metastases in other sites. Conclusion: Patients with breast malignancy found to have indeterminate extra-mammary lesions without obvious distant metastasis on initial staging scans are associated with a small risk of subsequently developing metastatic disease. Although most of these lesions remain quiescent, surveillance imaging is recommended because a small but significant proportion of patients with such lesions eventually harbour actual metastatic disease.
ABSTRACT
Critical incidents (CI) trigger acute stress reactions and psychological trauma because of direct or vicarious exposure. These events include natural disasters, wars, terrorist attacks and pandemics, and usually result in deaths and serious physical injuries. Their life-threatening nature makes them reasonable candidates to induce mortality salience (MS). The current review aims to consolidate Terror Management Theory (TMT) research using CIs as MS. A systematic literature review was conducted. Overall, 74 articles with 113 studies were included. Through this review, strong support for MS effects of CI has been found. Consistent with TMT, CIs tend to trigger worldview defence, self-esteem enhancement and relationship seeking. CIs have also been found to impact negatively on individual well-being and organisational health. Recommendations specific to crisis interventions and well-being will be discussed. The review concludes with potential future research directions to strengthen and expand empirical knowledge in CI salience.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Tumor xenograft model is an indispensable animal cancer model. In esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) research, orthotopic tumor xenograft model establishes tumor xenograft in the animal esophagus, which allows the study of tumorigenesis in its native microenvironment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study,we described two simple and reproducible methods to develop tumor xenograft at the cervical or the abdominal esophagus in nude mice by direct injection of ESCC cells in the esophageal wall. RESULTS: In comparing these two methods, the cervical one presented with more clinically relevant features, i.e., esophageal stricture, body weight loss and poor survival. In addition, the derived tumor xenografts accompanied a rapid growth rate and a high tendency to invade into the surrounding structures. This model was subsequently used to study the anti-tumor effect of curcumin, which is known for its potential therapeutic effects in various diseases including cancers, and its analogue SSC-5. SSC-5 was selected among the eight newly synthesized curcumin analogues based on its superior anti-tumor effect demonstrated in an MTT cell proliferation assay and its effects on apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest in cultured ESCC cells. Treatment of orthotopic tumor-bearing mice with SSC-5 resulted in an inhibition in tumor growth and invasion. CONCLUSION: Taken together, we have established a clinically relevant orthotopic tumor xenograft model that can serve as a preclinical tool for screening new anti-tumor compounds, e.g., SSC-5, in ESCC.
