ABSTRACT
The scale-up of a chiral bicyclic homopiperazine of pharmaceutical interest was investigated. The outcome and safety profile of a key batch ring-expansion step via Schmidt rearrangement was improved using continuous-flow chemistry. The selectivity of nitrogen insertion for the ring expansion was improved via an alternative photochemical oxaziridine rearrangement under mild conditions, which when converted to continuous-flow in a simple and efficient flow reactor allowed the first photochemical scale-up of a homopiperazine.
ABSTRACT
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of extracellular proteins plays a vital role in catalyzing the formation of cross-links in fibrillar elastin and collagens leading to extracellular matrix (ECM) stabilization. These enzymes have also been implicated in tumor progression and metastatic disease and have thus become an attractive therapeutic target for many types of invasive cancers. Following our recently published work on the discovery of aminomethylenethiophenes (AMTs) as potent, orally bioavailable LOX/LOXL2 inhibitors, we report herein the discovery of a series of dual LOX/LOXL2 inhibitors, as well as a subseries of LOXL2-selective inhibitors, bearing an aminomethylenethiazole (AMTz) scaffold. Incorporation of a thiazole core leads to improved potency toward LOXL2 inhibition via an irreversible binding mode of inhibition. SAR studies have enabled the discovery of a predictive 3DQSAR model. Lead AMTz inhibitors exhibit improved pharmacokinetic properties and excellent antitumor efficacy, with significantly reduced tumor growth in a spontaneous breast cancer genetically engineered mouse model.
Subject(s)
Amino Acid Oxidoreductases/antagonists & inhibitors , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase/antagonists & inhibitors , Thiazoles/pharmacology , Amination , Amino Acid Oxidoreductases/metabolism , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Female , Humans , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Models, Molecular , Neoplasms/enzymology , Neoplasms/metabolism , Neoplasms/pathology , Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase/metabolism , Rats , Sulfinic Acids/chemistry , Sulfinic Acids/pharmacokinetics , Sulfinic Acids/pharmacology , Sulfinic Acids/therapeutic use , Thiazoles/chemistry , Thiazoles/pharmacokinetics , Thiazoles/therapeutic useABSTRACT
A convenient synthesis of carbanucleosides, with both enantiomers equally accessible, is reported. The key step is a tandem linchpin cyclization process to give access to substituted carbafuranose derivatives having the correct relative stereochemistry for subsequent nucleobase introduction with inversion of configuration at C1. This was illustrated by the synthesis of 2',3'-dideoxycarbathymidine via a convergent nucleobase introduction and of 2',3'-dideoxy-6'-hydroxycarbauridine via a linear nucleobase introduction. Both methods relied on Mitsunobu chemistry, and the first example of the Mukaiyama modification of the Mitsunobu reaction involving nucleobases as nucleophiles is reported.
Subject(s)
Chemistry, Organic/methods , Nucleotides/chemistry , Nucleotides/chemical synthesis , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Cyclization , Furans/chemistry , Models, Chemical , Molecular Structure , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
[reactions: see text] A concise synthesis of highly functionalized cyclopentane derivatives via a Brook rearrangement mediated stereoselective linchpin cyclization reaction involving tert-butyldimethylsilyl-1,3-dithianyllithium and homochiral 1,4-bis-epoxides is described.
