[Own experience of indocyanine green use in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in N.N. Petrov NMRC of Oncology]. / Sobstvennyi opyt ispol'zovaniya indotsianina zelenogo v diagnostike i lechenii raka molochnoi zhelezy v NMITs onkologii im. N.N. Petrova.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possibility of using the method of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) detection with indocyanine green (ICG) in patients with early breast cancer and its informativeness. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A «Determination of sentinel lymph nodes by fluorescence method intraoperatively with the use of indocyanine green¼ study, in which 168 patients are currently included, is being conducted in the clinic of the N.N. Petrov NMRC of Oncology from 2017 through the present. All patients who underwent biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes (BSLN) were primary with a T1-2N0M0 stage of process. RESULTS: The average number of axillary lymph nodes removed in BSLN was 3 (1-5). Accumulation of ICG was found in 147 (88%) patients, accumulation of labeled radiocolloid - in 137 (82%), in combination of ICG/radiocolloid - in 167 (99%) based on the results of imaging. CONCLUSION: The obtained results prove that the informativeness and relative simplicity of this method use allow its application in any hospital where breast cancer is surgically treated, as well as in the absence of radioisotopic equipment.

Million-year lag times in a post-orogenic sediment conveyor.

Understanding how sediment transport and storage will delay, attenuate, and even erase the erosional signal of tectonic and climatic forcings has bearing on our ability to read and interpret the geologic record effectively. Here, we estimate sediment transit times in Australia's largest river system, the Murray-Darling basin, by measuring downstream changes in cosmogenic 26Al/10Be/14C ratios in modern river sediment. Results show that the sediments have experienced multiple episodes of burial and reexposure, with cumulative lag times exceeding 1 Ma in the downstream reaches of the Murray and Darling rivers. Combined with low sediment supply rates and old sediment blanketing the landscape, we posit that sediment recycling in the Murray-Darling is an important and ongoing process that will substantially delay and alter signals of external environmental forcing transmitted from the sediment's hinterland.

Role of the Scaffold Protein MIM in the Actin-Dependent Regulation of Epithelial Sodium Channels (ENaC).

Epithelial Sodium Channels (ENaCs) are expressed in different organs and tissues, particularly in the cortical collecting duct (CCD) in the kidney, where they fine tune sodium reabsorption. Dynamic rearrangements of the cytoskeleton are one of the common mechanisms of ENaC activity regulation. In our previous studies, we showed that the actin-binding proteins cortactin and Arp2/3 complex are involved in the cytoskeleton-dependent regulation of ENaC and that their cooperative work decreases a channel's probability of remaining open; however, the specific mechanism of interaction between actin-binding proteins and ENaC is unclear. In this study, we propose a new component for the protein machinery involved in the regulation of ENaC, the missing-in-metastasis (MIM) protein. The MIM protein contains an IMD domain (for interaction with PIP2 -rich plasma membrane regions and Rac GTPases; this domain also possesses F-actin bundling activity), a PRD domain (for interaction with cortactin), and a WH2 domain (interaction with G-actin). The patch-clamp electrophysiological technique in whole-cell configuration was used to test the involvement of MIM in the actin-dependent regulation of ENaC. Co-transfection of ENaC subunits with the wild-type MIM protein (or its mutant forms) caused a significant reduction in ENaC-mediated integral ion currents. The analysis of the F-actin structure after the transfection of MIM plasmids showed the important role played by the domains PRD and WH2 of the MIM protein in cytoskeletal rearrangements. These results suggest that the MIM protein may be a part of the complex of actin-binding proteins which is responsible for the actin-dependent regulation of ENaC in the CCD.

Timelines of the "free-particle" and "fixed-particle" models of stone-formation: theoretical and experimental investigations.

Two major theories on renal stone formation will be reviewed, the "free-particle" and "fixed-particle" mechanisms. These theories combine data on intrinsic factors (inborn metabolic errors), extrinsic factors (diet), renal cell responses and the physico-chemistry and biochemistry of urine into mechanisms of stone formation. This paper describes the specific role of time in both mechanisms. The timeline of crystal- and stone formation was deducted from literature data and was measured for two stones using radioisotope decay analysis. The stones of similar size and composition showed, respectively, a timeline of a few years and a development that took decades. In combination with data on stone architecture and patient characteristics these timelines are explained using the free-particle and fixed-particle mechanisms. Consideration of the timeline of stone formation has clinical implications. We conclude that the fixed-particle mechanism can be a slow process where decades pass between the first formation of a precipitate in the renal interstitium and the clinical presentation of the stone. Added to the fact that the mechanism of this initial precipitation is still ill defined, the conditions that started fixed-particle stone formation in an individual patient can be obscure. Blood and urine analysis in such patients does not necessarily reveal the individual's risk for recurrence as lifestyle may have changed over time. This is in fact what defines the so-called idiopathic stoneformers. For these patients, prevention of outgrowth of previously formed precipitates, papillary plaques, may be more relevant than prevention of new plaque formation. In contrast, a patient who has formed a stone in a relatively short time through the free-particle mechanism is more likely to show abnormal values in blood and urine that explain the starting event of stone formation. In these patients, measurement of such values provides useful information to guide preventive measures.

[Modern order of rationing of medical property for military medical and pharmaceutical organizations in peacetime].

Modern order of rationing of medical property for military medical and pharmaceutical organizations in peacetime. The characteristic of the new rules of medical supply for medical and pharmaceutical institutions of the Armed Forces in peacetime are presented, approved and put into effect by the order of the Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation. New standards of medical supply logistics adapted to the current organizational structure of the military healthcare and pharmaceutical organizations. Their use in practice will improve the quality of primary specialized healthcare, as well as specialized and high-tech medical care to military personnel and other categories of citizens who are entitled to health care through the Ministry of Defence.

Contribution of the 320th central warehouse to sanitary medical support of the Red'Army during the Great Patriotic war.

During the Great Patriotic war (1941-1945) medical supply experts of the 320th Central warehouse sanitary solved complex problems for the regular and complete provision with medical property guide action by the army, the formation of complete basic equipment, service of medical transport and medical equipment. The experience gained in providing acting army allowed in the post war period progressively develop functioning of the system of medical supplies of troops (forces), successfully and smoothly carried out in the framework of its organizational planning and other activities.

[Mobility of metrological support in military-medical organisations of the Ministry of Defence].

Mobility of metrological support in military-medical organisations of the Ministry of Defence. With the increasing availability of high-tech medical care increases the value of its quality. One of the most important conditions to achieve an adequate level of medical service activity by this criterion is correct and reliable operation of medical equipment. Almost all medical equipment, which is used at the diagnostic and therapeutic departments of military medical institutions, belongs to the category of measuring instruments. Its accuracy and reliability of operation are provided with metrological procedures; which are considered an integral part of providing the diagnostic and treatment process. The article defines the activities of modern metrological tasks tipped the military medical service. The data on the state and prospects of development of metrological provision of health care institutions, increasing its mobility.

[The regulatory transport proteins in diagnostic and prognosis of preeclampsia].

The article considers the results of analysis of content of regulative transport proteins in blood serum and urine of pregnant women (term III) in case of uncomplicated pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia and eclampsia for elaborating their pathogenic role and evaluating prognostic significance. It is established that the more severe eclampsia is the higher is the level of a2-macroglobulin and the lower is the content of lactoferrin in blood. At that, excretion of a2-macroglobulin and albumin with urine increases with aggravation of severity of processes and in urine is detected a1-antitrypsin previously undetected. The excretion of lactoferrin reaches its peak values in case of preeclampsia and decreases in case of eclampsia. The alteration of levels of a2-macroglobulin and lactoferrin are uncharacteristic for classic inflammatory reaction and testify their active involvement into pathogenesis of eclampsia. The decreasing of in blood of levels of a1-antitrypsin lesser than 5 g/l and lactoferrin lesser than 0.8 mg/l at concentration of a2-macroglobulin higher than 3.5 g/l against the background of decreased levels of albumin and crude protein in blood and also increasing in urine of concentrations of a2-macroglobulin up to 0.0005 g/l and higher and occurrence of a1-antitrypsin and increasing of content of albumin up to 10 times can be recommended as criteria of high risk of development of eclampsia in regnant women with moderately expressed preeclampsia in term III.

[The main ways in performing analysis of the activities of medical supply organizations of the Armed Forces].

Without a complex comprehensive analysis of the activities of medical supply organizations is impossible to effectively manage the processes of provision of medical equipment and property, and provide a quality control of finished products and magistral formulas, technical and metrological provision of medical services and to render better decisions. In this regard, the article provides a list of pharmaceutical services (works) provided by medical supply organizations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and proposes indicators in assessing their effectiveness. Examples of analysis and assessment of the main indicators of provided services (works) in absolute values are given. At the same time, the authors give the ways of solutions aimed at increasing the motivation of various specialists to improve the quality of performance indicators in the medical equipment and property support centres of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

Electrode polarization vs. Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars interfacial polarization in dielectric spectra of materials: Characteristic frequencies and scaling laws.

The characteristic frequencies of electrode polarization and of interfacial polarization effects in dielectric spectra of ionic liquids and of polymer bi-layers are determined and systematically analyzed, based on dielectric measurements by means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy, numerical simulations, and analytical calculations. It is shown that, to a large extent, identical scaling laws can be derived for these two dielectric phenomena taking place at external and internal interfaces. Surprisingly, a fundamentally different behavior concerning the interrelation between the characteristic frequencies is found. This brings direct evidence that different manifestations of the phenomenon of electrical polarization can be discriminated by examining the inter-relation governing their characteristic frequencies, which can be of significant importance in disseminating the nature of different contributions appearing in the dielectric spectra of complex materials. Based on our analysis, we derive a new formula, valid for both electrode polarization and interfacial polarization effects, that allows one to determine the conductivity value from the frequency position of the Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars peak. An excellent agreement between experiment and calculations is obtained. The formula can be used, furthermore, to estimate the thickness of the interfacial layers formed due to electrode polarization effects. Values in the order of several nanometers, increasing with decreasing temperature, are reported.

[Modern aspects of organization of medical support for the Armed Forces].

The challenges that medical service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation faces cannot be solved without a new qualitative approach to military and medical support. In order to create a complete organizational system of the medical support, consisting of united process of material flow management and management of accompanying elements, the. structure of the medical support and its equipment must correspond to performed tasks. The article describes a set of activities that are performed in the system of military-medical support and offers some promising approaches, which are supposed to solve assigned tasks imposed upon the center of pharmacy and medical technology and its interaction with superior body control, maintainable and third party organizations.

[Regulatory effect of complex of natural cytokines and antimicrobial peptides on murine macrophages infected with multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis].

AIM: To study the effect of complex of natural cytokines and antimicrobial peptides (CNCAP) included in preparation Superlymph on growth of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis CN-37 on the modem of murine peritoneal macrophages (MPh) cultivated in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Effect of CNCAP on peritoneal MPh of tuberculosis-susceptible mice C57BL/6 infected by M. tuberculosis CN-37 was studied using ex vivo model. Macrophages were preliminary incubated with CNCAP during one day. M. tuberculosis growth was assessed on 7th day by PCR. RESULTS: Preliminary incubation of infected MPh with CNCAP resulted in inhibition of M. tuberculosis CN-37 growth. CONCLUSION: Superlymph activates macrophages which lead to enhanced bactericidal action of MPh on M. tuberculosis CN-37.

[The 90th anniversary of the 662nd center of securing by medical technique and substance].

The leading institute of medical supply of the Armed Forces of RF--the 662nd center of securing by medical technique and substance (the Ministry of Defense)--celebrates the 90th anniversary. Among multitude of task of the center, the main, as 90 years ago, is receipt of property, preventing supplies of not qualified production from the world pharmaceutical market in the Armed Forces of RF, securing of safety and creation of optimal conditions for keeping of all groups of medical agents, well-timed delivery of medical property in troops.

[Origin of biosphere].

Concepts of origin of life on the planet are briefly considered. The problem of origin of biosphere is discussed, with a suggestion that the origin of living organisms and biosphere are two aspects of the same process. There is put forward a hypothesis of embryosphere--the primary medium, in which preorganisms could appear. The ecosystemic approach to origin of life poses a question about sources of the matter and energy used by the primary life as well as about causes of the biochemical unity that exists in all Earth organisms.

[The model of development of science by the example of limnology].

Limnology--the science about lakes is the young and relatively closed area of studies; its existence is owing to several hundreds of scientists. The International Society of Limnologists holds its meetings since 1922. We used materials of these meetings to find out the main stages of development of this science; among these stages there were both fast and relatively calm periods. Based on analysis of these data, we constructed a model of development of the science, the same data being used for tuning and verification of the model. We have suggested that the main regularities and of development of limnology can be extrapolated to other sciences. The main "acting person" in the model is population of scientists. Each scientist, with some probability, can propose new ideas as well as use in his elaborations some particular complex of the already accumulated knowledge and ideas. The model also takes into consideration how the scientific information is spreading, specifically some individual peculiarities of model scientists, such as age, experience, communicability. After the model parameters had been chosen in such a way that is described adequately the development of limnology, we performed a series of experiments by changing some of the characteristics and obtained rather unexpected results published preliminary in the short work (Levchenko V. F and Menshutkin V. V. Int. J. Comp. Anticip. Syst., 2008, vol. 22, p. 63-75) and discussed here in the greater detail. It is revealed, that the development of science is passing irregularly and sharply decelerated at low level of scientists communication and absence of scientific schools, and that the age of "scientific youth" of scientist begins usually only after 40 years.

[The history of development of evolutionary methods in St. Petersburg school of computer simulation in biology].

The history of rise and development of evolutionary methods in Saint Petersburg school of biological modelling is traced and analyzed. Some pioneering works in simulation of ecological and evolutionary processes, performed in St.-Petersburg school became an exemplary ones for many followers in Russia and abroad. The individual-based approach became the crucial point in the history of the school as an adequate instrument for construction of models of biological evolution. This approach is natural for simulation of the evolution of life-history parameters and adaptive processes in populations and communities. In some cases simulated evolutionary process was used for solving a reverse problem, i. e., for estimation of uncertain life-history parameters of population. Evolutionary computations is one more aspect of this approach application in great many fields. The problems and vistas of ecological and evolutionary modelling in general are discussed.

[Levels of organization of living systems: cooperons].

All creatures living on Earth are traditionally being considered in the context of structural-morphological approach, in frame of which there are considered various living systems (for instance, organisms and ecosystems) that have different sizes and organization and use different resources for their existence. These characteristics are sometimes added by some particular functional and ecological characteristics, but usually with respect to the structural ones. We believe that such traditional approach, although illustrating, but distracts from the circumstance that any living system is to be considered an integrated structural-functional complex, the maintenance of existence of this system being impossible without the processes occurring constantly in it and aimed at preserving this complex. This leads us to the concept of cooperons--the self-preserved dynamic structures existing only as a result of various specifically organized cooperative processes (their intensities can vary depending on circumstances). From our point of view, all living systems are cooperons of different hierarchy levels. Some other systems, specifically the symbiotic ones, also are cooperons. In frame of this concept, it is possible to discuss functioning of living systems of different types of organization in a new context closer to physiologists, both for the case of "norm" and for the situation when the cooperative interrelations of parts of the system are impaired (for instance, in systemic diseases).

[Multifunctionality and homeostasis. Regularities of the organism functioning important for maintenace of homeostasis].

This paper is a continuation of our first paper ""Zonal model" of description of homeostasis" [1] that discussed some general regularities of the organism functioning connected directly with maintenance of homeostasis. It might seem that consideration of such general issues could have been only of theoretical interest; however, for the recent years, a trend has been formed in direction of cholistic physiology and medicine when there are considered first of all the organism functioning regularities responding for maintenance of its integrity in norm and in pathology. A particular attention in the present paper is paid to consideration of multifunctional possibilities of organs and functional blocks. In our opinion, such analysis can promote solution of general problems of physiology and medicine and provides a possibility to better understand organization of processes in the organism throughout the lifespan as well can help in elucidation of causes of some chronic diseases.

[Zonal model of description of homeostasis].

In this work, peculiarities of functioning of living organisms, which are connected with the function of maintenance of homeostasis, are discussed. Many authors wrote about homeostasis, however from position, as a rule, of some concrete disciplines; this prevented from combining the already existing facts and concepts in terms of the common approach explaining physiological processes occurring in the organism as the integral system. Specifically, the insufficient attention, in our opinion, was paid to homeorhesis and analysis of such aspect of maintenance of homeostasis as use by the organism of multifunctional possibilities of organs and other structural-functional components. In this work, an attempt is made at compensating this gap: a new, zonal model of description of homeostasis is proposed, the already known regularities of functioning of living systems are considered, and their list is supplemented. In our opinion, this can promote solution of general problems of physiology and medicine and allows better understanding of organization of processes in living organisms. Besides, in terms of our approach, it is easier to explain some physiology changes occurring in the process of evolution.

[Attempt at computer modeling of evolution of human society].

A model of evolution of human society and biosphere, which is based on the concepts of V. I. Vernadskii about noosphere and of L. N. Gumilev about ethnogenesis is developed and studied. The mathematical apparatus of the model is composition of finite stochastic automata. By using this model, a possibility of the global ecological crisis is demonstrated in the case of preservation of the current tendencies of interaction of the biosphere and the human civilization.