[Ductal carcinoma in situ: role of the boost]. / Radiothérapie des carcinomes canalaires in situ: impact du complément d'irradiation du lit tumoral.

Ductal carcinoma in situ is defined as breast cancer confined to the ducts of the breast without evidence of penetration of the basement membrane. Local treatment quality represents one of the most prognostic factors as half of recurrences are invasive diseases. The main goal of adjuvant radiotherapy after conservative surgery is to decrease local recurrences and to permit breast conservation with low treatment-induced sequelae. Several randomized trials have established the impact of 50 Gy to the whole breast in terms of local control. Nevertheless, no randomized trial is still available concerning the role of the boost in this disease. In this review, we present updated results of the literature and we detail the French multicentric randomized trial evaluating the impact of a 16 Gy boost after 50 Gy delivered to the whole breast in 25 fractions and 33 days. This protocol will start inclusions in October 2008.

A type I collagen defect leads to rapidly progressive osteoarthritis in a mouse model.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that abnormalities of the subchondral bone can result in osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: We used a knockin model of human osteogenesis imperfecta, the Brittle IV (Brtl) mouse, in which defective type I collagen is expressed in bone. OA in individual mice was documented by micro-magnetic resonance imaging (micro-MRI) and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Alterations in the knee joints were confirmed by histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis. In addition, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to assess the ultrastructure of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone matrix. RESULTS: Brtl mice had decreased integrity of bone but initially normal articular cartilage. However, by the second month of life, Brtl mice developed alterations of the cartilage that were characteristic of OA, as documented by micro-CT, micro-MRI, and histologic evaluation. In addition, chondrocyte loss and breakdown of the collagen matrix in the residual cartilage were demonstrated using AFM. CONCLUSION: The Brtl mouse model demonstrates that progressive destruction of articular cartilage characteristic of OA may be secondary to altered architecture of the underlying subchondral bone.

Favorable selection in the Medicare+Choice program: new evidence.

Historically, studying the Medicare managed care favorable-selection issue has been difficult because direct data on managed care enrollees have been unavailable. In this study, we analyzed the first year of Balanced Budget Act (BBA)-mandated inpatient encounter data. Based on this comparison of actual managed care and fee-for-service (FFS) beneficiaries, it appears that there are significant differences between these populations. The most striking differences are found in the comparison of average risk factors, indicating a clear bias in the managed care populations toward beneficiaries predicted to be less costly.

Risk Adjustment for the Medicare program: lessons learned from research and demonstrations.

The Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997 requires numerous changes in Medicare. Medicare's managed care program has been reinvented as "Medicare + Choice," offering an expanded range of delivery system options for beneficiaries and a schedule of payment changes that will dramatically affect managed care plans. Preceding some of these BBA-legislated changes to Medicare were years of research and demonstrations. Risk-adjusted payment in the Medicare + Choice program, which is mandated for implementation in 2000, is one example of a longstanding developmental initiative. This paper provides a brief overview of risk adjustment-related research and demonstration activities carried out by the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) since the 1980s, and describes a possible technical approach for the implementation of risk-adjusted Medicare managed care payments in 2000.

[Ecoendoscopy in the assessment of esophageal neoplasms]. / Ecoendoscopía en la evaluación del cáncer del esófago.

OBJECTIVE: To asses the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) for the local and regional staging of esophageal cancer, and its possible alteration resulting from the performance of preoperative chemoradiation. METHODS: Prospective study of 85 consecutive patients with esophageal cancer evaluated by EUS and operated between January 1992 and December 1995. 28 of these patients had received previous induction therapy. In all cases, EUS examination was performed by the same physician not informed about the results of previous morphological explorations. Histopathological analysis of all specimens was performed by the same pathologist, not informed about the results of the EUS. Data were collected by another independent observer. RESULTS: EUS examination resulted in incomplete staging in 8 patients (9.5%) with severe stenosis precluding endoscope passage. The accuracy, specificity and sensibility of EUS in detecting the depth of esophageal involvement (T0-2 vs T3-4) were 82.3%, 78% and 86% respectively, and 72%, 70% and 73% respectively for the lymph node metastasis. The overall accuracy of EUS in identifying the preoperative stage was 67% with a clear-cut alteration when patients had received induction therapy (61% vs 72%). On the other hand, 7(64%) of the 11 patients thought to have a complete response at endosonography had no residual tumor. CONCLUSION: EUS provides precise information for the preoperative identification of locally advanced esophageal tumor, even after induction therapy. The latter alters the diagnostic accuracy of EUS, although complete responders could be identified in two-thirds os cases.

Ecoendoscopia en la evaluacion del cancer del esofago / Ecoendoscopy in the evaluation of the esophageal neoplasms

Objectivo: Evaluar la presición diagnóstica de la ecoendoscopía para la apreciación de la extensión loco-regional del cáncer del esófago, y su eventual modificación ante un tratamiento neoadyuvante con quimio y radioterapia. Método: Estudio prospectivo sobre 85 pacientes operados por un cáncer del esófago entre enero de 1992 y diciembre de 1995, todos evaluados previamente con ecoendoscopía. Del total de 85 pacientes, 21 recibieron un tratamiento neoadyuvante con quimio y radioterapia. Todos los estudios endoscópicos fueron realizados por el mismo operador, que ignoraba el resultado de otros estudios morfológicos. Todos los exámenes anatomapotológicos de la pieza de resección fueron realizados por el mismo operador que desconocía el resultado de la ecoendoscopía preoperatoria. La confrontación de los datos de la anatomía patológica y de la ecoendoscopía fue realizado por un tercer observador independiente. Resultados: La ecoendoscopía fue incompleta por una estenosis esofágica en 8 casos (9,5 por ciento). La evaluación de la invasión de la pared esofágica tuvo una exactitud del 82,3 por ciento, uma sensibilidad del 78 por ciento y una espeficificidad del 86 por ciento. La evaluación de la extensión ganglionar tuvo una exactitud del 72 por ciento, una sensibilidad del 70 por ciento y una especificidad del 73 por ciento. La evaluación del estadío fue concordante en el 67 por ciento de los casos con un rendimiento totalmente alterado después de realizar tratamiento neoadyuvante con radio-quimioterapia (61 por ciento contra 72 por ciento). Paralelamente, 7 (64 por ciento) de los 11 enfermos que tuvieron una correlación ecoendoscópica perfecta habían tendio una respuesta completa con el tratamiento neoadyuvante. Conclusión: La ecoendoscopías es un método preciso para la evaluación preoperatoria de los tumores del esófago localmente avanzados, asi mismo después de un tratamiento deoadyuvante. Esta última alternativa modifica negativamente el rendimento ddiagnóstico pero de todas formas permite dos veces sobre tres realizar una correlación perfecta en aquellos enfermos que tuvieron una respuesta completa al tratamiento neoadyuvante.

Ecoendoscopia en la evaluacion del cancer del esofago / Ecoendoscopy in the evaluation of the esophageal neoplasms

Objectivo: Evaluar la presición diagnóstica de la ecoendoscopía para la apreciación de la extensión loco-regional del cáncer del esófago, y su eventual modificación ante un tratamiento neoadyuvante con quimio y radioterapia. Método: Estudio prospectivo sobre 85 pacientes operados por un cáncer del esófago entre enero de 1992 y diciembre de 1995, todos evaluados previamente con ecoendoscopía. Del total de 85 pacientes, 21 recibieron un tratamiento neoadyuvante con quimio y radioterapia. Todos los estudios endoscópicos fueron realizados por el mismo operador, que ignoraba el resultado de otros estudios morfológicos. Todos los exámenes anatomapotológicos de la pieza de resección fueron realizados por el mismo operador que desconocía el resultado de la ecoendoscopía preoperatoria. La confrontación de los datos de la anatomía patológica y de la ecoendoscopía fue realizado por un tercer observador independiente. Resultados: La ecoendoscopía fue incompleta por una estenosis esofágica en 8 casos (9,5 por ciento). La evaluación de la invasión de la pared esofágica tuvo una exactitud del 82,3 por ciento, uma sensibilidad del 78 por ciento y una espeficificidad del 86 por ciento. La evaluación de la extensión ganglionar tuvo una exactitud del 72 por ciento, una sensibilidad del 70 por ciento y una especificidad del 73 por ciento. La evaluación del estadío fue concordante en el 67 por ciento de los casos con un rendimiento totalmente alterado después de realizar tratamiento neoadyuvante con radio-quimioterapia (61 por ciento contra 72 por ciento). Paralelamente, 7 (64 por ciento) de los 11 enfermos que tuvieron una correlación ecoendoscópica perfecta habían tendio una respuesta completa con el tratamiento neoadyuvante. Conclusión: La ecoendoscopías es un método preciso para la evaluación preoperatoria de los tumores del esófago localmente avanzados, asi mismo después de un tratamiento deoadyuvante. Esta última alternativa modifica negativamente el rendimento ddiagnóstico pero de todas formas permite dos veces sobre tres realizar una correlación perfecta en aquellos enfermos que tuvieron una respuesta completa al tratamiento neoadyuvante. (AU)

Delivering home-based case management to families with children with mental retardation and developmental disabilities.

To meet the needs of individuals with mental retardation and developmental disabilities (MR/DD) and their families living in urban setting, a noncenter-based model of case management was implemented. In contrast to traditional case management in which families and consumers come to the case manager and most service coordination is done by telephone or in meetings at the case manager/social worker's worksite, the case manager in a noncenter-based model is mobile and able to meet the consumer and family in their domains. In this model, case management is provided in conjunction with in-home residential habilitation and funded by Medicaid under the Home and Community Based Services Waiver. This funding stream provides monies for nontraditional services delivered in noncertified settings. Case managers used the Family Resource Scale to get an immediate indication of the resources and needs of each family. The scale highlights the adequacy of a person's basic and caregiving resources, as well as financial needs. The findings from this study suggest that an understanding of both disability and entitlements is essential for case managers who may have to help advocate for consumers around services and benefits. Moreover, to build and maintain an egalitarian and supportive relationship with families, the importance of caregiver-specified resources and needs must be recognized by case managers. Access to resource information and the ability to engage the family in problem-solving depends on a well-trained staff with the ability to respond to individuals with different needs and from a variety of circumstances. These essential skills prepare a case manager to assist families with their immediate requirements as well as to mobilize them to plan for future needs.

[Recurrence after surgical treatment of epidermoid cancers of the esophagus. Therapeutic approach in 19 patients]. / Récidives après traitement chirurgical des cancers épidermoïdes de l'oesophage. Approche thérapeutique chez 19 malades.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to report the management of 19 patients with recurrence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after surgical treatment. PATIENTS-METHODS: Nineteen patients with loco-regional recurrent invasion (n = 13) or metastasis (n = 6) of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were included. Four of the 13 patients with loco-regional recurrent invasion had tracheal involvement. The treatment of the recurrence was a combined radiochemotherapy (n = 12) for loco-regional recurrent invasion in 11 cases and for metastasis in 1 case, associated with a tracheal prosthesis in 1 patient. The other treatments were chemotherapy alone (n = 5), esophageal prosthesis (n = 1) and surgical treatment (n = 1). RESULTS: There were 7 objective responses among the 12 patients treated with combined radiochemotherapy and none in the group treated with chemotherapy alone. Grade 3-4 toxicity was noticed in 2 cases (severe mucositis). Survival rate of the 19 patients was 52.6% at 1 year and 13.1% at 2 years; it was linked with general health (P = 0.09) and with tracheal involvement (P = 0.04). Survival rate of the 12 patients treated by combined radiochemotherapy was higher: 66% at 1 year and 22.2% at 2 years (median survival time = 16 months). CONCLUSION: Active medical treatment of recurrence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by combined radiochemotherapy can provide a median survival time of 16 months, with a moderate toxicity.

Endoscopic ultrasonography for assessment of the response to combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy in patients with esophageal cancer.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Measuring the response of esophageal cancer to combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy is difficult. Initial results using ultrasonography have been contradictory. The purpose of this study was to correlate the endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) findings after preoperative chemoradiotherapy with the histology of the resected specimens, and to assess the accuracy of EUS in predicting the response to treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From October 1991 to February 1995, 32 patients with esophageal cancer staged as T3 or T4 on EUS were treated by chemoradiotherapy, followed by surgical resection. There were 28 men and four women, with a mean age of 54 years (range 38-70 years). In 25 cases, the diagnosis was squamous-cell carcinoma, and in seven cases it was adenocarcinoma. EUS was carried out using a curved-array ultrasonic transducer (Pentax FG-32 UA). After two courses of chemoradiotherapy, the wall involvement was classified using the following modified post-chemoradiotherapy classification: T0, complete restitution of wall layers; Tw, echo-poor nodules located in the submucosa or muscularis propria, but with wall layers discernible; T2, echo-poor wall thickening without distinguishable layers, but not infiltrating beyond the fifth hyperechoic layer; T3, thickened hypoechoic or heterogeneous wall, no distinguishable layers, infiltrating beyond the fifth hyperechoic layer; T4: a hypoechoic or heterogeneous mass in contact with a mediastinal structure. RESULTS: Using this post-chemoradiotherapy classification, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of EUS in detecting residual tumor (T0 + Tw versus T2, T3, and T4) were 91.3%, 77.7%, and 77.7%, respectively. The accuracy of EUS, endoscopic, and CT criteria in assessing the parietal response was 81.2%, 56.2%, and 59.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Complete restoration of the esophageal wall (T0) and Tw stage corresponded to disease-free histology in 78% of cases, and corresponded in all cases either to disease-free esophageal wall or to microscopic tumor residues in the mucosa. No conclusions could be drawn in the other categories (T2-T4), but residual tumor was detected in 87% of cases.