Relationship of Testosterone, LH, Estradiol, IGF-1, and SHBG with Physical Performance of Master Athletes.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), estradiol (ES), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in master sprint (MS) and master endurance (ME) athletes. Additionally, the possible associations between these hormones, body composition, and lipid profile with athletic performance (% of performance in relation to the current world record) were analyzed. Materials and Methods: The participants were all men: (i) 34 MS (51.0 ± 6.8 years); and (ii) 32 ME (51.7 ± 9.4 years). Student's t-tests for independent samples were performed to compare all variables between groups. Results: MS had a significantly higher (p = .008) average IGF-1 (154.78 ± 29.85 ng/mL) when compared to ME (129.92 ± 25.48 ng/mL). Performance was significantly correlated with IGF-1 (r = 0.424). The MS group had a moderately lower body fat than ME athletes (MS 12.54 ± 4.07 vs. ME 14.60 ± 4.12; p = .078; d = 0.503). Conclusions: Thus, strength/power training exercise/sport seems to be more beneficial for obtaining a higher IGF-1 compared to aerobic/distance exercise/sport. In addition, LH, T, ES, and SHBG were similar between the two groups of athletes and were comparable to the reference values of younger adults.

Is lifelong endurance training associated with maintaining levels of testosterone, interleukin-10, and body fat in middle-aged males?

BACKGROUND: Aging is associated with a gradual physiological decline, including an imbalance in hormone profile, increased adiposity, and reduced anti-inflammatory cytokines. However, lifelong physical exercise mitigates aging, as observed in endurance-trained middle-aged athletes (EMA). AIM: We compared and associated testosterone, interleukin 10 (IL-10), and body fat in EMA and untrained age-matched individuals (UAM). METHODS: Participants were EMA (n=25; 51.48±9.49 years) and UAM (n=23; 46.0±9.37 years). Both groups underwent body composition measurements (evaluated by a skinfold protocol) and blood sampling for IL-10 (assessed through ELISA® kit) and testosterone (assessed with Roche Diagnostics® kit, Mannheim, Germany, by chemiluminescence technique in a third-party laboratory). RESULTS: EMA had lower body fat (14.15±3.82% vs. 23.42±4.95%; P<0.05), higher testosterone (751.68±191.45 ng/dL vs. 493.04±175.15 ng/dL; P<0.05), and higher IL-10 (8.00±1.21 pg/mL vs. 5.89±1.16 pg/mL; P<0.05) compared to UAM. A significant linear correlation was found between testosterone and IL-10 (r=0.56; P=0.001), whereas significant inverse correlations were observed between body fat and testosterone (r=-0.52; P=0.001) and body fat and IL-10 (r=-0.69; P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: EMA had higher levels of IL-10 and testosterone and lower body fat in comparison with UAM. In addition, higher IL-10 was associated with increased levels of circulating testosterone and lower body fat. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS: The adoption of endurance training as part of a healthy lifestyle may contribute to decreasing age-related testosterone reduction, besides reducing markers of inflammaging, preventing the occurrence of chronic age-related diseases, and thus contributing to healthy aging. For people who already have chronic diseases, physical exercise can shift the immune system toward a more anti-inflammatory profile and, thus, improve their pathological condition. In both cases, physical exercise can help attenuate the decline in testosterone, decrease body fat, and increase anti-inflammatory levels.

A single physical education session improves subsequent academic performance in rural school students / Uma única aula de educação física melhora o desempenho acadêmico subsequente em estudantes de escola rural / Una única clase de educación física mejora el posterior desempeño académico en alumnos de escuela rural

ABSTRACT Introduction: Activity breaks or physical exercise interventions in schools are linked to better cognitive function in adolescents. However, few studies have evaluated the relationship between physical exercise and cognition in rural schools, where drop-out levels tend to be higher and academic achievement lower. Objective: To analyze the effects of a physical exercise class (PE) on subsequent academic performance of students, and how they felt during mathematics (MATH) and Portuguese language (PL) tests. Methods: Thirty-six students (14.9 ± 1.5 years) randomly carried out 30 min of PE, performed at 74.3 ± 11.8%HRmax, while a control group (CON) remained seated watching a movie, prior to the tests (PE-MATH; PE-PL; CON-MATH; CON-PL). Results: The PE-MATH group presented higher scores (5.3 ± 2.2) than the CON-MATH group (4.0 ± 2.2). The tests were completed more quickly in PE-PL (7.8 ± 3.3 minutes) than in CON-PL (10.5 ± 4.2 minutes). The number of correct answer per minute was higher in PE-MATH and PE-PL (0.52 ± 0.25; 0.64 ± 0.51) than in CON-MATH and CON-PL (0.35 ± 0.19; 0.41 ± 0.41). Furthermore, 38.9% of PE-MATH felt more focused during the test, while only 16.7% of CON-MATH felt more focused. During the Portuguese language test, 27.8% of CON-PL complained of greater apprehensiveness, compared to 8.3% for PE-PL. Also, 36.1% reported feeling fatigued during PL after PE, compared to 8.3% in the CON-PL group. Conclusions: PE improved the adolescents' academic performance. Despite feeling fatigue, more students who performed physical exercise felt less apprehensive and more focused during the tests after PE. Level of evidence I; STARD: studies of diagnostic accuracy.

RESUMO Introdução: Os intervalos com atividade ou as intervenções com programas de exercícios na escola estão relacionados com a melhora da função cognitiva em adolescentes. Contudo, poucos estudos avaliaram a relação entre exercício físico e cognição em escolas de zonas rurais, onde os níveis de evasão são altos e o rendimento acadêmico é baixo. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos de uma aula de exercício físico (EF) sobre o desempenho acadêmico subsequente dos alunos e o que sentem durante os testes de matemática (MAT) e de língua portuguesa (PO). Métodos: Trinta e seis estudantes (14,9 ± 1,5 anos) foram divididos randomicamente em dois grupos: um com 30 minutos de EF realizados a 74,3 ± 11,8% da FCmáx e um controle (CON), que permaneceram sentados assistindo a um filme antes dos testes (EF-MAT; EF-PO; CON-MAT; CON-PO). Resultados: O EF-MAT apresentou maior escore (5,3 ± 2,2) que o CON-MAT (4,0 ± 2,2). Os testes foram concluídos mais rapidamente no EF-PO (7,8 ± 3,3) do que no CON-PO (10,5 ± 4,2). O número de respostas corretas por minuto foi maior no EF-MAT e no EF-PO (0,52 ± 0,25; 0,64 ± 0,51) do que no CON-MAT e no CON-PO (0,35 ± 0,19; 0,41 ± 0,41). Além disso, 38,9% do EF-MAT sentiram que estavam mais concentrados durante o teste, em comparação com apenas 16,7% do CON-MAT que se sentiram mais concentrados. Durante o a prova de português, 27,8% dos CON-PO reclamaram de maior apreensão quando comparados com 8,3% do EF-PO. Ainda, 36,1% relataram cansaço durante o teste de PO depois de EF, comparados com 8,3% do grupo CON-PO. Conclusão: A aula de EF melhorou o desempenho acadêmico dos adolescentes. Apesar da sensação de cansaço, mais estudantes sentiram menos apreensão e estavam mais concentrados durante os testes depois de EF. Nível de evidência I; Estudos de acurácia diagnóstica (STARD).

RESUMEN Introducción: Los intervalos con actividad o las intervenciones con programas de ejercicios en la escuela están relacionados con la mejora de la función cognitiva en adolescentes. Sin embargo, pocos estudios evaluaron la relación entre ejercicio físico y cognición en escuelas de zonas rurales, en donde los niveles de evasión son altos y el rendimiento académico es bajo. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos de una clase de ejercicio físico (EF) sobre el desempeño académico subsiguiente de los alumnos y lo que sienten durante los tests de matemática (MAT) y de idioma portugués (PO). Métodos: Treinta y seis estudiantes (14,9 ± 1,5 años) fueron divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos: uno con 30 minutos de EF realizados a 74,3 ± 11,8% de la FCmáx y un control (CON), que permanecieron sentados viendo una película antes de los tests (EF-MAT; EF-PO; CON-MAT; CON-PO). Resultados: El EF-MAT presentó mayor puntuación (5,3 ± 2,2) que el CON-MAT (4,0 ± 2,2). Los tests fueron concluidos más rápidamente en el EF-PO (7,8 ± 3,3) que en el CON-PO (10,5 ± 4,2). El número de respuestas correctas por minuto fue mayor en el EF-MAT y en el EF-PO (0,52 ± 0,25,0,64 ± 0,51) que en el CON-MAT y en el CON-PO (0,35 ± 0,19, 0,41 ± 0,41). Además, 38,9% del EF-MAT sintió que estaba más concentrado durante el test, en comparación con sólo 16,7% del CON-MAT que se sintió más concentrado. Durante la prueba de portugués, 27,8% de los CON-PO reclamó de mayor aprehensión cuando comparado con 8,3% del EF-PO. Además, 36,1% relató cansancio durante el test de PO después del EF, comparado con el 8,3% del grupo CON-PO. Conclusión: La clase de EF mejoró el desempeño académico de los adolescentes. A pesar de la sensación de cansancio, más estudiantes sintieron menos aprehensión y estaban más concentrados durante los tests después de EF. Nivel de evidencia I; Estudios de precisión diagnóstica (STARD).

Oxygen consumption and energy expenditure during and after street games, active video games and tv / Consumo de oxigênio e gasto energético durante e depois de brincadeiras de rua, vídeo games ativos e tv / Consumo de oxígeno y gasto energético durante y después de juegos de calle, vídeo game y tv

INTRODUCTION: Physical activity has become less frequent since the 1980s, even among more active children. OBJECTIVE: To analyze excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) and total energy expenditure (TEE) in children during and after three different activities. METHODS: Sixteen healthy children (9.6±0.1 yrs.) randomly underwent the following procedures lasting 30 minutes on different days: (a) traditional games (PLAY), (b) active video game (Dance Dance Revolution; DDR), and (c) watching television (TV). Oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured at rest, at the 10th, 20th, and 30th minute of intervention, and for 40 minutes post-intervention. TEE was also measured. RESULTS: At the end of intervention, VO2 had increased by 330% and 166% for PLAY and DDR, respectively, compared to the rest. EPOC in PLAY was seen to occur at the 10th, 20th, and 30th post-interventional minutes from 7.00±1.02 (at rest) to 10.83±0.94, 10.03±0.58, and 9.80±0.77mL.kg-1.min-1, respectively. However, EPOC in DDR occurred at only the 10th postinterventional minute (7.04 to 8.61 mL.kg-1.min-1; p<0.01). After intervention, TEE in PLAY was greater than in DDR and TV (112.08±19.45 vs 56.98±6.34 vs 36.39±4.5 kcal; p<0.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PLAY induced children to reach a greater VO2 during activity and greater EPOC and TEE compared to DDR and TV. Level of evidence A1b; Crossover study.

INTRODUÇÃO: A prática de atividade física tornou-se menos frequente a partir dos anos 80, mesmo entre crianças mais ativas. OBJETIVO: Analisar o consumo excessivo de oxigênio pós-exercício (EPOC) e o gasto energético total (TEE) em crianças durante e após três atividades distintas. MÉTODOS: Dezesseis crianças saudáveis (9,6 ± 0,1 anos) foram submetidas aleatoriamente aos seguintes procedimentos com duração de 30 minutos em dias diferentes: (a) brincadeiras tradicionais (PLAY), (b) videogame ativo (Dance Dance Revolution, DDR) e (c) assistir à televisão (TV). O consumo de oxigênio (VO2) foi medido em repouso, no 10°, 20° e 30° minuto de intervenção e 40 minutos depois da intervenção. O TEE também foi calculado. RESULTADOS: No final da intervenção, o VO2 aumentou 330% e 166% para PLAY e DDR, respectivamente, em comparação com o repouso. Observou-se que o EPOC no PLAY ocorreu aos 10, 20 e 30 minutos depois da intervenção, de 7,00 ± 1,02 (em repouso) para 10,83 ± 0,94, 10,03 ± 0,58 e 9,80 ± 0,77 mL.kg-1.min-1, respectivamente. O EPOC no DDR ocorreu apenas no 10° minuto pós-intervenção (7,04 a 8,61 mL.kg-1.min-1, p < 0,01). Após a intervenção, o TEE no PLAY foi maior que em DDR e TV (112,08 ± 19,45 vs. 56,98 ± 6,34 vs. 36,39 ± 4,5 kcal, p < 0,01), respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: O PLAY induziu as crianças a maior VO2 durante a atividade e maior EPOC e TEE com relação a DDR e TV. Nível de evidência A1b; Estudo cruzado.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La actividad física se ha vuelto menos frecuente desde la década de 1980, incluso entre los niños más activos. OBJETIVO: Analizar el consumo excesivo de oxígeno post ejercicio (EPOC) y el gasto de energía total (TEE) en niños durante y después del juego activo tradicional y comparar con el video game activo y televisión. MÉTODOS: Dieciséis niños saludables (9,6 ± 0,1 años) fueron sometidos durante 30 minutos, en días diferentes, a las siguientes sesiones: (a) juegos tradicionales (PLAY), (b) video game activo (DDR) y (c) televisión (TV). El consumo de oxígeno (VO2) fue medido en reposo en el 10°, 20° y 30° minuto de intervención y durante 40 minutos después de la intervención. El TEE se calculó a partir de datos VO2. RESULTADOS: Durante las sesiones de VO2 aumentó un 330% y 166% para PLAY y DDR, respectivamente, en relación al reposo. Se observó que el EPOC en PLAY se produjo a los 10, 20 y 30 minutos post intervención 7,00 ± 1,02 (en reposo) a 10,83 ± 0,94, 10,03 ± 0,58 y 9, 80 ± 0,77 mL.kg-1.min-1, respectivamente. El EPOC en DDR se produjo apenas en el 10° min después de la intervención (7,04 a la 8,61 mL.kg-1.min-1, p <0,01). Después de la intervención, el TEE fue mayor en el DDR y TV (112,08 ± 19,45 vs 56,98 ± 6,34 vs 36,39 ± 4,5 kcal, P <0,01), respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: La sesión PLAY llevó a un mayor VO2 durante la actividad y mayor EPOC y gasto de energía en relación a la DDR y TV. Nivel de evidencia A1b; Estudio crossover con.

The Antioxidant Effect of Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity has been associated with reduced oxidative stress (OS) in observational studies and clinical trials. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials was to determine the effect of physical exercise on OS parameters. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of the literature up to March 2016 that included the following databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. A keyword combination referring to exercise training and OS was included as part of a more thorough search process. We also manually searched the reference lists of the articles. From an initial 1573 references, we included 30 controlled trials (1346 participants) in the qualitative analysis, 19 of which were included in the meta-analysis. All trials were conducted in humans and had at least one exercise intervention and a paired control group. Using a standardized protocol, two investigators independently abstracted data on study design, sample size, participant characteristics, intervention, follow-up duration, outcomes, and quantitative data for the meta-analysis. Thus, the investigators independently assigned quality scores with a methodological quality assessment (MQA). RESULTS: The agreement level between the reviewers was 85.3 %. Discrepancies were solved in a consensus meeting. The MQA showed a total score in the quality index between 40 and 90 % and a mean quality of 55 %. Further, in a random-effects model, data from each trial were pooled and weighted by the inverse of the total variance. Physical training was associated with a significant reduction in pro-oxidant parameters (standard mean difference [SMD] -1.08; 95 % confidence interval [CI] -1.57 to -0.58; p < 0.001) and an increase in antioxidant capacity (SMD 1.45; 95 % CI 0.83-2.06; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The pooled analysis revealed that regardless of intensity, volume, type of exercise, and studied population, the antioxidant indicators tended to increase and pro-oxidant indicators tended to decrease after training. Therefore, we conclude that exercise training seems to induce an antioxidant effect. Thus, it is suggested that people practice some kind of exercise to balance the redox state, regardless of their health status, to improve health-related outcomes.

High-intensity, but not moderate-intensity, exercise increases post-exercise rate of fat oxidation in type 2 diabetics.

BACKGROUND: Aerobic exercise is recommended for glycemic and weight control in type 2 diabetes (T2D), but exercise intensity that increase post-exercise fat oxidation has not been established yet. It is expected that high-intensity exercise induce higher absolute oxidations and rates of oxidation of CHO (during) and fat (after) in normoglycemic, but in hyperglycemic it is unclear. AIM: To compare the effects of exercise intensity on CHO and fat oxidation during and after exercise in individuals with T2D. METHODS: Eleven persons with T2D, randomly underwent three experimental sessions 72 hours apart: 1) 20 minute of high-intensity exercise (120% of lactate threshold (LT) - 120%LT), 2) 20 minute of moderate-intensity exercise (80% of LT - 80%LT), and 3) 20 minute of control session (CON) - no exercise was performed and the individuals remained seated during the whole time. Percentages of CHO and fat contribution and CHO and fat oxidation rate (mg/min) were analyzed during and after sessions. RESULTS: The rate of CHO oxidation during exercise was significantly higher during 120%LT in relation to 80%LT and CON (18.2 ± 5.6 vs. 9.5 ± 2.7 vs. 1.1 ± 0.4 mg∙min-1), the absolute rate of fat oxidation was significantly higher in 120%LT compared to 80%LT and CON during exercise (13.5 ± 3.3, 9.5 ± 2.2, and 0.7 ± 0.2 mg∙min-1, respectively, p < 0.05). During the post-exercise oxygen consumption recovery period, only the 120%LT had higher fat oxidation (94.5% vs. 68.1%, p < 0.05), when compared to CON. Both exercise sessions equally elicited a lowered glycaemia during the post-exercise period, but CHO oxidation was lower after 120%LT than CON (0.1 ± 0.2 vs. 0.9 ± 0.5 mg∙min-1, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Higher intensity elicited an elevated CHO oxidation rate during exercise and a higher percentage of fat utilization during the post-exercise recovery period compared to moderate-intensity exercise and control sessions. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS: High-intensity aerobic exercise, even of short duration, may benefit individuals with T2D on the substrate oxidation related to the body fat. Exercise can be an important tool for the prevention and management of T2D due to its effects on carbohydrate and fat metabolism, reduction of body fat, and control of blood glucose.

Effects of prior exercise on glycemic responses following carbohydrate inges on in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Exercise is effective in reducing glycemia, especially when it is performed in the postprandial period. However, no consensus exists in the literature about the effect of exercise on postprandial glucose control when it is performed before carbohydrate consumption. AIMS: The main aim was to determine whether 20 min of exercise performed prior to carbohydrate consumption reduces postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses. A secondary aim was to analyze the effectiveness of short-term (10 min) exercise bout with respect to postprandial glycemia reduction. METHODS: Nine individuals with type 2 diabetes (54.9 ± 1.7 years; 30.7 ± 1.8 kg/m2; glycemia level of 167.0 ±10.6 mg/dL) participated in the study and underwent the following procedures: (a) an incremental test to determine the lactate threshold; (b) an exercise session for 20 minutes at moderate intensity (90% of the lactate threshold); and c) a control session. The last two sessions were randomized, and the participants were monitored during 135 minutes of post-exercise recovery. A standard meal was consumed two hours before the experimental procedures started. A dextrose solution was administered at 45 minutes of post-exercise recovery while monitoring glucose and insulin concentrations. At 135 min of post-exercise recovery, eight of the participants performed an additional 10-min exercise bout following induced hyperglycemia. RESULTS: Exercise reduced glycemia (-46.6 ± 7.9 mg/dL) and the insulin/glucose ratio (from 1.73 ± 0.59 to 0.93 ± 0.22 µU/mL/mmol/L) during the first 45 minutes of post-exercise recovery. Glycemia was significantly increased after carbohydrate consumption, reaching its peak value at 105 minutes of post-exercise recovery (261.8 ± 15.8 mg/dL) or control (281.3 ± 13.4 mg/dL). There was no effect of the previous exercise in attenuating glycemia or reducing the area under the curve for glucose and insulin after carbohydrate consumption. However, the effectiveness of exercise in reducing glycemia was shown again when it was performed at the end of the experimental session, even in case of only a 10-min exercise (reduction of -44.5 ± 4.9 mg/dL). CONCLUSIONS: Twenty minutes of moderate exercise does not alter the kinetics or the area under the curve in terms of glycemia and insulinemia after subsequent carbohydrate consumption. However, moderate exercise, even if performed for only 10-20 minutes, is effective in reducing postprandial glycemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS: Moderate-intensity exercise, even of short duration, may benefit individuals with type 2 diabetes on blood glucose control. A fast reduction in postprandial glycemia can be obtained with only ten minutes of exercise that, in turn, may ameliorate some of complications associated with the disease.