ABSTRACT
With continuous improvements in nanotechnology, the development of micro/nanoscale pores and fractures in reservoirs can be more clearly identified, and great progress has been made in tight sandstone and shale. Bedrock has an ultralow porosity and is a reservoir with low permeability. To study the characteristics of micro/nanoscale pore development and reveal their petroleum significance in the eastern segment of the Altun Piedmont, research has been conducted with the use of cathodoluminescence, field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum analysis, formation microresistivity image logging, high-pressure mercury injection and nuclear magnetic logging. The results have shown that the porosity of the bedrock reservoir in the eastern segment of the Altun Piedmont, as measured by helium injection and nuclear magnetic logging, is between 0.004% and 9.76%, the average porosity is between 1.663% and 3.844%, and the permeability is between the maximum of 0.002 mD and 33.239 mD. The average permeability is between 0.02 mD and approximately 3.836 mD. Micro/nanopores are generally developed, with the majority being intragranular micro/nanopores, intercrystalline micro/nanopores and microcracks, as summarized by the field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. Four differently sized pores develop: micropores account for approximately 20%, transition pores account for approximately 30%, and mesopores and macropores account for approximately 25% each. The pore throat development below 100 nm is greater than 50% according to the collation of experimental data from high-pressure mercury intrusion; therefore, micro/nanopores are the main storage space in the study area, and the gas logging shows good results. Micro/nanopores are also one of the main reservoir spaces of bedrock reservoirs in conjunction with the conventional reservoir space, and thus, micro/nanopores have important petroleum significance.
ABSTRACT
Information hiding aims to achieve secret communication via certain carrier. However, these carrier-based methods often have different kinds of deficiencies. In order to solve the problems addressed by the traditional information hiding methods such as the difficult balance between secret embedding rate and detection rate, this paper proposes a novel approach which utilizes Augmented Reality (AR) to achieve secret communication. In this paper, we present an AR based information hiding architecture which combines information hiding, augmented reality, and deep learning methods altogether. The proposed architecture basically follows the idea of secret-key matching policy. The secret sender first maps the secret message to objects, images or coordinates, etc. The mapped objects, images or coordinates then serve as the secret key for further secret revealing. The secret key and concealing model are shared between two communication parties instead of direct transmitting the secret messages. Different secret keys can be combined in order to generate more mapping sequences. Also, deep learning based models are integrated in the architecture to extend the mapping varieties. By taking advantage of the augmented reality technique, the secret messages can be transmitted in various formats which results in higher secret embedding rate in potential. Furthermore, the proposed architecture can be seen as a useful application of coverless information hiding scheme. The experimental system realizes the proposed architecture by implementing convolutional neural network (CNN) based real-time object detection, image recognition, augmented reality and secret-key matching altogether which shows great promise in practice.
